社會(huì)地位與健康
2023復(fù)習(xí)正是強(qiáng)化復(fù)習(xí)階段，在考研英語中占了40分，所以考研英語閱讀是英語科目中重要的一項(xiàng)。名師老師曾建議過考研生需要堅(jiān)持每天泛讀10-15分鐘的英文原刊。強(qiáng)烈推薦了雜志《經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)人》.雜志中的文章也是考研英語的主要材料來源.希望考研考生認(rèn)真閱讀，快速提高考研英語閱讀水平。 Social status and health 社會(huì)地位與健康 Misery index 貧困指數(shù) Low social status is bad for your health. Biologistsare starting to understand why 社會(huì)地位低對(duì)身體不好，生物學(xué)家開始理解此中的奧秘 ONCE upon a time the overstressed executive bellowing orders into a telephone, cancellingmeetings, staying late at the office and dying of a heart attack was a stereotype ofmodernity. 曾今，人們對(duì)現(xiàn)代化的一個(gè)根深蒂固的印象是，領(lǐng)導(dǎo)們?cè)诰薮髩毫Φ恼勰ブ拢瑢?duì)著電話狂吼，下達(dá)命令，取消會(huì)議，待在辦公室到很晚，最后死于心臟病。 That was before the Whitehall studies, a series of investigations of British civil servants begunin the 1960s. 可是，自1960年代開始的英國(guó)白廳對(duì)英國(guó)政治家們展開的一系列調(diào)查之后，這種印象開始改變， These studies found that the truth is precisely the opposite. 因?yàn)檎{(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn)事實(shí)卻完全不是那么回事。 Those at the top of the pecking order actually have the least stressful and most healthylives. 實(shí)際上處于社會(huì)高層的人們承受的壓力最小，生活最健康。 Cardiac arrestand, indeed, early death from any causeis the prerogative of underlings. 心跳驟停而且，確實(shí)是，不管是出于什么原因的早死那都是做下屬的才有的事。 Such results have since been confirmed many times, both in human societies and in otherprimate species with strong social hierarchies. 在人類社會(huì)，還有等級(jí)嚴(yán)格的其他的靈長(zhǎng)類物種中，都已多次驗(yàn)證這種結(jié)果的正確性。 But whereas the pattern is well-understood, the biological mechanisms underlying it arenot. 但是，雖然這種模式很容易理解，潛在的生物學(xué)機(jī)制卻并不這么認(rèn)為。 A study just published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, however,sheds some light on the matter. 雜志《國(guó)家科學(xué)院》最新出版的專題里，對(duì)此現(xiàn)象有相關(guān)闡述。 In it, a group of researchers led by Jenny Tung and Yoav Gilad at the University of Chicagolooked at the effects of status on rhesus macaques. 專題里，詹妮東和要吉拉德領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的研究小組在芝加哥大學(xué)，研究地位之于恒河猴的影響。 Experience has shown that these monkeys display the simian equivalent of the Whitehallstudies findings. 實(shí)驗(yàn)經(jīng)過表明，這些猴子所表現(xiàn)出來的是英國(guó)白廳研究發(fā)現(xiàn)的猴子版本。 The high risk of disease among those at the bottom of the heap in both cases suggests thatbiochemical responses to low status affect a creature s immune system. 社會(huì)地位低的患病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)高，這既適用于人類界也同樣適用于猴子。這暗示了社會(huì)地位低的物種的生物化學(xué)反應(yīng)影響其免疫系統(tǒng)。 Those responses must, in turn, depend on changes in the way the creatures genes areexpressed. 反過來，這種生物化學(xué)反應(yīng)又取決于物種生物基因的變化方式。 To investigate this phenomenon means manipulating social hierarchies, but that would behard if it were done to human beings. 若要調(diào)查這種現(xiàn)象，那就意味著需要控制社會(huì)等級(jí)，在人類身上進(jìn)行，很困難。 You can, however, do it to monkeys, and the researchers did. 但是，你可以在猴子身上做實(shí)驗(yàn)，而且研究人員也是這么做的。 Unhappy minds in unhealthy bodies 不健康的身體，不快樂的心情 Dr Tung and Dr Gilad took 49 middle-ranking female macaques and split them into groups offour or five. 博士東和吉拉德，用49個(gè)中等地位等級(jí)的女性猴子做實(shí)驗(yàn)，并把他們分為四到五組。 The researchers were able to control where in a group an individual ranked by the order inwhich it was introduced into its group. 根據(jù)猴子們加入研究群體的時(shí)間順序，研究人員給她們的地位等級(jí)編號(hào)。 The hierarchies thus established, the team conducted tests on cells in the monkeys blood,in an attempt to determine the effect of a macaque s rank on her biochemistry and, inparticular, on how rank influences the activity of various genes. 等級(jí)于是得以建立。研究團(tuán)隊(duì)采集猴子血液做細(xì)胞研究，試圖搞清楚恒河猴的地位等級(jí)對(duì)其生物化學(xué)的影響，特別是地位等級(jí)是如何對(duì)各種基因活動(dòng)起作用的。 The answer is, a lot. 研究結(jié)果有很多。 Dr Tung and Dr Gilad looked at the expression in each animal of 6,097 genes. 每個(gè)動(dòng)物有6097個(gè)基因，博士東和吉拉德觀察每個(gè)動(dòng)物的基因，尋找社會(huì)等級(jí)與基因活動(dòng)之間的相互關(guān)系。 They were searching for correlations between social rank and gene activity, and in 987genes they found one. 在987個(gè)基因中，他們找到了一個(gè)。 Some genes were more active in high-ranking individuals; others were more active inlow-ranking ones. 某些基因在等級(jí)高的個(gè)體中更活躍，而其他的基因則活躍于等級(jí)低的個(gè)體中。 The relationship was robust enough to work the other way round, too. 這一結(jié)果很牢靠，倒過來看也成立。 Given a blood sample and no other information, it was possible to predict an individual sstatus within her group with an accuracy of 80%. 只提供血液樣本而沒有其他相關(guān)信息，就可以預(yù)測(cè)個(gè)體在群體里的地位等級(jí)，且精確度達(dá)到80%。 The next question was what all these genes actually do. 下一個(gè)問題，所有這些基因，真正起的是什么作用。 Sure enough the answer, for a substantial fraction of them, was that they regulateaspects of the immune system. 答案很顯然，對(duì)大部分基因而言，它們起著調(diào)節(jié)著免疫系統(tǒng)的作用。 In particular, low-status individuals showed high levels of activity in genes associated withthe production of various immune-related cells and chemical signalling factors, as well asthose to do with inflammation. 這非常明顯地體現(xiàn)在，社會(huì)地位低的個(gè)體，產(chǎn)生各種與免疫相關(guān)的細(xì)胞和化學(xué)信號(hào)基因的活動(dòng)更為明顯，還有那些有關(guān)于炎癥的基因。 Although the researchers did not explicitly examine the health of their simian charges,chronic, generalised inflammation is a risk factor, in people, for a long list of ailmentsranging from heart trouble to Alzheimer s disease. 雖然研究人員沒有仔細(xì)分析參與實(shí)驗(yàn)的猴子們的健康狀況，但是慢性的、全身性的炎癥對(duì)猴子們來說是危險(xiǎn)因素，人類的部分，就是從心臟病到老年癡呆癥等一大長(zhǎng)系列疾病。 Finally, the team investigated the mechanisms behind these differences in gene expression. 最后，研究小組用基因表達(dá)調(diào)查造成這些不同的機(jī)理原因。 In keeping with previous work, they found that high-and low-rank individuals showeddifferent levels of responsiveness to a class of hormones called glucocorticoids, whichregulate immune-system activity and response to stress. 與之前工作結(jié)果一致，他們發(fā)現(xiàn)地位高和地位低的個(gè)體，對(duì)被稱為糖皮質(zhì)激素的一組基因，表現(xiàn)出的反應(yīng)級(jí)別不一樣。糖皮質(zhì)激素控制免疫系統(tǒng)活動(dòng)和對(duì)壓力的反應(yīng)。 They also found changes in the mix of cells within the animals immune system itself. 同時(shí)他們發(fā)現(xiàn)，在動(dòng)物免疫系統(tǒng)自身，混合細(xì)胞有發(fā)生改變。 But what is new, and intriguing, is that they discovered, for the first time, evidence that aphenomenon called epigenetic change is at work. 但是最為新奇的是，他們頭一次發(fā)現(xiàn)了后天改變?cè)谄鹱饔玫淖C據(jù)。 Epigeneticscurrently one of molecular biology s hottest topicsis a process by which genesare activated or deactivated by the presence or absence of chemical structures calledmethyl and acetyl groups. 表現(xiàn)遺傳學(xué)目前分子生物學(xué)最熱的話題之一是這樣一個(gè)過程，基因的激活或是失效取決于被稱為甲基和乙酰基的化學(xué)結(jié)構(gòu)的存在或是消失。 Dr Tung and Dr Gilad found that methylation patterns were systematically different in high-and low-ranking animals. 博士東和吉拉德發(fā)現(xiàn)甲基模式在地位高級(jí)和地位低級(jí)的動(dòng)物之間是不一樣的，且這種不一樣是系統(tǒng)性的不一樣。 Crucially, these changes are generally passed on to the daughter cells produced when a celldivides, and are thus perpetuated throughout an animal s life. 至關(guān)重要的一點(diǎn)是，這些變化一般在細(xì)胞分裂的同時(shí)傳遞給子細(xì)胞，因此這些變化將貫穿動(dòng)物的一生。 To the extent that epigenetic marking is involved in creating social status, then, statusmay be being maintained by the animal s cells as they replicate. 從此意義上講，后天標(biāo)記參與社會(huì)地位的形成，社會(huì)地位的維持靠動(dòng)物細(xì)胞的復(fù)制。 Destiny s child? 命運(yùn)的產(chǎn)物? Those who believe in progress will, however, be pleased to know that epigenetics is notnecessarily destiny. 但是，相信事物是發(fā)展變化的人們會(huì)很高興，因?yàn)楸憩F(xiàn)遺傳學(xué)并不是上天注定，難以改變的。 Methyl groups may help maintain the status quo, but if that status quo is interrupted byoutside events they can be wiped away and a new lot put in place. 甲基或許可以幫助維持現(xiàn)狀，但是如果外來事件打斷了它，那么甲基將被移除，新的一批上任。 Dr Tung and Dr Gilad discovered this because a few of their monkeys did change statuswithin their groups. 博士東和吉拉德能夠發(fā)現(xiàn)了這一點(diǎn)，是因?yàn)椋瑓⑴c實(shí)驗(yàn)的幾個(gè)猴子確實(shí)改變了她們?cè)谌后w中的地位等級(jí)。 When that happened, changes in gene expression appropriate to the new status quicklyfollowed. 地位等級(jí)一旦發(fā)生改變，與之相應(yīng)的基因表達(dá)隨即改變。 Those who do break free from their lowly station, then, may begin to reap the healthbenefits almost immediately. 那些確實(shí)改變了它們之前卑賤地位的猴子們，身體狀況幾乎都立刻獲得改善。 As with any animal study, this one cannot simply be mapped straight onto humans. 不管以什么動(dòng)物為研究對(duì)象，結(jié)果都不能直接簡(jiǎn)單地運(yùn)用于人類，這個(gè)也不例外。 But it does provide pointers that researchers who work on people can use. 但它確實(shí)給研究人類的學(xué)者們提供了一些建議。 In particular, the experiment ensured that social rank was the only factor being changed,providing strong evidence that the chain of causality runs from low social status, througha disrupted immune system to worse health, and not the other way around. 該實(shí)驗(yàn)的獨(dú)特之處是，它確保了實(shí)驗(yàn)中社會(huì)等級(jí)是唯一發(fā)生改變的因素。它為因果關(guān)系鏈的正確模式提供了一個(gè)強(qiáng)有力的證據(jù)，正確模式是低等的社會(huì)等級(jí)通過被破壞了的免疫系統(tǒng)損害健康。 The best medicine, then, is promotion. Prosper, and live long. 而不是反過來的順序。晉升是療效最好的藥物。因?yàn)槌晒Γ曰畹瞄L(zhǎng)久。 詞語解釋 1.start to 開始 When and why did things start to change? 那么這種情況是什么時(shí)候開始改變的? It was the best start to august trading since 1934. 這是1934年以來8月份最好的股市開局。 2.response to 對(duì)的反應(yīng) Public response to the discounting appeared mixed. 公眾對(duì)這次價(jià)格戰(zhàn)的反應(yīng)褒貶不一。 Albert oversaw monaco s response to the g20. 阿爾貝親自負(fù)責(zé)摩納哥對(duì)g20的回應(yīng)。 3.depend on 依賴;相信;信賴 Few non-profits pay well and many depend on volunteers. 沒有幾個(gè)非營(yíng)利機(jī)構(gòu)工資豐厚，很多還要依靠志愿者。 You can depend on this newspaper. 你可以依賴這家報(bào)紙。 4.split into 分成 Its evolution can be crudely split into three periods. 它的發(fā)展可以大致分成三個(gè)階段。 The group eventually split into three segments, relegating distinct roles and tasks. 幫會(huì)最終分裂成三個(gè)陣營(yíng)，歸入不同的任務(wù)和角色。
2023復(fù)習(xí)正是強(qiáng)化復(fù)習(xí)階段，在考研英語中占了40分，所以考研英語閱讀是英語科目中重要的一項(xiàng)。名師老師曾建議過考研生需要堅(jiān)持每天泛讀10-15分鐘的英文原刊。強(qiáng)烈推薦了雜志《經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)人》.雜志中的文章也是考研英語的主要材料來源.希望考研考生認(rèn)真閱讀，快速提高考研英語閱讀水平。 Social status and health 社會(huì)地位與健康 Misery index 貧困指數(shù) Low social status is bad for your health. Biologistsare starting to understand why 社會(huì)地位低對(duì)身體不好，生物學(xué)家開始理解此中的奧秘 ONCE upon a time the overstressed executive bellowing orders into a telephone, cancellingmeetings, staying late at the office and dying of a heart attack was a stereotype ofmodernity. 曾今，人們對(duì)現(xiàn)代化的一個(gè)根深蒂固的印象是，領(lǐng)導(dǎo)們?cè)诰薮髩毫Φ恼勰ブ拢瑢?duì)著電話狂吼，下達(dá)命令，取消會(huì)議，待在辦公室到很晚，最后死于心臟病。 That was before the Whitehall studies, a series of investigations of British civil servants begunin the 1960s. 可是，自1960年代開始的英國(guó)白廳對(duì)英國(guó)政治家們展開的一系列調(diào)查之后，這種印象開始改變， These studies found that the truth is precisely the opposite. 因?yàn)檎{(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn)事實(shí)卻完全不是那么回事。 Those at the top of the pecking order actually have the least stressful and most healthylives. 實(shí)際上處于社會(huì)高層的人們承受的壓力最小，生活最健康。 Cardiac arrestand, indeed, early death from any causeis the prerogative of underlings. 心跳驟停而且，確實(shí)是，不管是出于什么原因的早死那都是做下屬的才有的事。 Such results have since been confirmed many times, both in human societies and in otherprimate species with strong social hierarchies. 在人類社會(huì)，還有等級(jí)嚴(yán)格的其他的靈長(zhǎng)類物種中，都已多次驗(yàn)證這種結(jié)果的正確性。 But whereas the pattern is well-understood, the biological mechanisms underlying it arenot. 但是，雖然這種模式很容易理解，潛在的生物學(xué)機(jī)制卻并不這么認(rèn)為。 A study just published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, however,sheds some light on the matter. 雜志《國(guó)家科學(xué)院》最新出版的專題里，對(duì)此現(xiàn)象有相關(guān)闡述。 In it, a group of researchers led by Jenny Tung and Yoav Gilad at the University of Chicagolooked at the effects of status on rhesus macaques. 專題里，詹妮東和要吉拉德領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的研究小組在芝加哥大學(xué)，研究地位之于恒河猴的影響。 Experience has shown that these monkeys display the simian equivalent of the Whitehallstudies findings. 實(shí)驗(yàn)經(jīng)過表明，這些猴子所表現(xiàn)出來的是英國(guó)白廳研究發(fā)現(xiàn)的猴子版本。 The high risk of disease among those at the bottom of the heap in both cases suggests thatbiochemical responses to low status affect a creature s immune system. 社會(huì)地位低的患病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)高，這既適用于人類界也同樣適用于猴子。這暗示了社會(huì)地位低的物種的生物化學(xué)反應(yīng)影響其免疫系統(tǒng)。 Those responses must, in turn, depend on changes in the way the creatures genes areexpressed. 反過來，這種生物化學(xué)反應(yīng)又取決于物種生物基因的變化方式。 To investigate this phenomenon means manipulating social hierarchies, but that would behard if it were done to human beings. 若要調(diào)查這種現(xiàn)象，那就意味著需要控制社會(huì)等級(jí)，在人類身上進(jìn)行，很困難。 You can, however, do it to monkeys, and the researchers did. 但是，你可以在猴子身上做實(shí)驗(yàn)，而且研究人員也是這么做的。 Unhappy minds in unhealthy bodies 不健康的身體，不快樂的心情 Dr Tung and Dr Gilad took 49 middle-ranking female macaques and split them into groups offour or five. 博士東和吉拉德，用49個(gè)中等地位等級(jí)的女性猴子做實(shí)驗(yàn)，并把他們分為四到五組。 The researchers were able to control where in a group an individual ranked by the order inwhich it was introduced into its group. 根據(jù)猴子們加入研究群體的時(shí)間順序，研究人員給她們的地位等級(jí)編號(hào)。 The hierarchies thus established, the team conducted tests on cells in the monkeys blood,in an attempt to determine the effect of a macaque s rank on her biochemistry and, inparticular, on how rank influences the activity of various genes. 等級(jí)于是得以建立。研究團(tuán)隊(duì)采集猴子血液做細(xì)胞研究，試圖搞清楚恒河猴的地位等級(jí)對(duì)其生物化學(xué)的影響，特別是地位等級(jí)是如何對(duì)各種基因活動(dòng)起作用的。 The answer is, a lot. 研究結(jié)果有很多。 Dr Tung and Dr Gilad looked at the expression in each animal of 6,097 genes. 每個(gè)動(dòng)物有6097個(gè)基因，博士東和吉拉德觀察每個(gè)動(dòng)物的基因，尋找社會(huì)等級(jí)與基因活動(dòng)之間的相互關(guān)系。 They were searching for correlations between social rank and gene activity, and in 987genes they found one. 在987個(gè)基因中，他們找到了一個(gè)。 Some genes were more active in high-ranking individuals; others were more active inlow-ranking ones. 某些基因在等級(jí)高的個(gè)體中更活躍，而其他的基因則活躍于等級(jí)低的個(gè)體中。 The relationship was robust enough to work the other way round, too. 這一結(jié)果很牢靠，倒過來看也成立。 Given a blood sample and no other information, it was possible to predict an individual sstatus within her group with an accuracy of 80%. 只提供血液樣本而沒有其他相關(guān)信息，就可以預(yù)測(cè)個(gè)體在群體里的地位等級(jí)，且精確度達(dá)到80%。 The next question was what all these genes actually do. 下一個(gè)問題，所有這些基因，真正起的是什么作用。 Sure enough the answer, for a substantial fraction of them, was that they regulateaspects of the immune system. 答案很顯然，對(duì)大部分基因而言，它們起著調(diào)節(jié)著免疫系統(tǒng)的作用。 In particular, low-status individuals showed high levels of activity in genes associated withthe production of various immune-related cells and chemical signalling factors, as well asthose to do with inflammation. 這非常明顯地體現(xiàn)在，社會(huì)地位低的個(gè)體，產(chǎn)生各種與免疫相關(guān)的細(xì)胞和化學(xué)信號(hào)基因的活動(dòng)更為明顯，還有那些有關(guān)于炎癥的基因。 Although the researchers did not explicitly examine the health of their simian charges,chronic, generalised inflammation is a risk factor, in people, for a long list of ailmentsranging from heart trouble to Alzheimer s disease. 雖然研究人員沒有仔細(xì)分析參與實(shí)驗(yàn)的猴子們的健康狀況，但是慢性的、全身性的炎癥對(duì)猴子們來說是危險(xiǎn)因素，人類的部分，就是從心臟病到老年癡呆癥等一大長(zhǎng)系列疾病。 Finally, the team investigated the mechanisms behind these differences in gene expression. 最后，研究小組用基因表達(dá)調(diào)查造成這些不同的機(jī)理原因。 In keeping with previous work, they found that high-and low-rank individuals showeddifferent levels of responsiveness to a class of hormones called glucocorticoids, whichregulate immune-system activity and response to stress. 與之前工作結(jié)果一致，他們發(fā)現(xiàn)地位高和地位低的個(gè)體，對(duì)被稱為糖皮質(zhì)激素的一組基因，表現(xiàn)出的反應(yīng)級(jí)別不一樣。糖皮質(zhì)激素控制免疫系統(tǒng)活動(dòng)和對(duì)壓力的反應(yīng)。 They also found changes in the mix of cells within the animals immune system itself. 同時(shí)他們發(fā)現(xiàn)，在動(dòng)物免疫系統(tǒng)自身，混合細(xì)胞有發(fā)生改變。 But what is new, and intriguing, is that they discovered, for the first time, evidence that aphenomenon called epigenetic change is at work. 但是最為新奇的是，他們頭一次發(fā)現(xiàn)了后天改變?cè)谄鹱饔玫淖C據(jù)。 Epigeneticscurrently one of molecular biology s hottest topicsis a process by which genesare activated or deactivated by the presence or absence of chemical structures calledmethyl and acetyl groups. 表現(xiàn)遺傳學(xué)目前分子生物學(xué)最熱的話題之一是這樣一個(gè)過程，基因的激活或是失效取決于被稱為甲基和乙酰基的化學(xué)結(jié)構(gòu)的存在或是消失。 Dr Tung and Dr Gilad found that methylation patterns were systematically different in high-and low-ranking animals. 博士東和吉拉德發(fā)現(xiàn)甲基模式在地位高級(jí)和地位低級(jí)的動(dòng)物之間是不一樣的，且這種不一樣是系統(tǒng)性的不一樣。 Crucially, these changes are generally passed on to the daughter cells produced when a celldivides, and are thus perpetuated throughout an animal s life. 至關(guān)重要的一點(diǎn)是，這些變化一般在細(xì)胞分裂的同時(shí)傳遞給子細(xì)胞，因此這些變化將貫穿動(dòng)物的一生。 To the extent that epigenetic marking is involved in creating social status, then, statusmay be being maintained by the animal s cells as they replicate. 從此意義上講，后天標(biāo)記參與社會(huì)地位的形成，社會(huì)地位的維持靠動(dòng)物細(xì)胞的復(fù)制。 Destiny s child? 命運(yùn)的產(chǎn)物? Those who believe in progress will, however, be pleased to know that epigenetics is notnecessarily destiny. 但是，相信事物是發(fā)展變化的人們會(huì)很高興，因?yàn)楸憩F(xiàn)遺傳學(xué)并不是上天注定，難以改變的。 Methyl groups may help maintain the status quo, but if that status quo is interrupted byoutside events they can be wiped away and a new lot put in place. 甲基或許可以幫助維持現(xiàn)狀，但是如果外來事件打斷了它，那么甲基將被移除，新的一批上任。 Dr Tung and Dr Gilad discovered this because a few of their monkeys did change statuswithin their groups. 博士東和吉拉德能夠發(fā)現(xiàn)了這一點(diǎn)，是因?yàn)椋瑓⑴c實(shí)驗(yàn)的幾個(gè)猴子確實(shí)改變了她們?cè)谌后w中的地位等級(jí)。 When that happened, changes in gene expression appropriate to the new status quicklyfollowed. 地位等級(jí)一旦發(fā)生改變，與之相應(yīng)的基因表達(dá)隨即改變。 Those who do break free from their lowly station, then, may begin to reap the healthbenefits almost immediately. 那些確實(shí)改變了它們之前卑賤地位的猴子們，身體狀況幾乎都立刻獲得改善。 As with any animal study, this one cannot simply be mapped straight onto humans. 不管以什么動(dòng)物為研究對(duì)象，結(jié)果都不能直接簡(jiǎn)單地運(yùn)用于人類，這個(gè)也不例外。 But it does provide pointers that researchers who work on people can use. 但它確實(shí)給研究人類的學(xué)者們提供了一些建議。 In particular, the experiment ensured that social rank was the only factor being changed,providing strong evidence that the chain of causality runs from low social status, througha disrupted immune system to worse health, and not the other way around. 該實(shí)驗(yàn)的獨(dú)特之處是，它確保了實(shí)驗(yàn)中社會(huì)等級(jí)是唯一發(fā)生改變的因素。它為因果關(guān)系鏈的正確模式提供了一個(gè)強(qiáng)有力的證據(jù)，正確模式是低等的社會(huì)等級(jí)通過被破壞了的免疫系統(tǒng)損害健康。 The best medicine, then, is promotion. Prosper, and live long. 而不是反過來的順序。晉升是療效最好的藥物。因?yàn)槌晒Γ曰畹瞄L(zhǎng)久。 詞語解釋 1.start to 開始 When and why did things start to change? 那么這種情況是什么時(shí)候開始改變的? It was the best start to august trading since 1934. 這是1934年以來8月份最好的股市開局。 2.response to 對(duì)的反應(yīng) Public response to the discounting appeared mixed. 公眾對(duì)這次價(jià)格戰(zhàn)的反應(yīng)褒貶不一。 Albert oversaw monaco s response to the g20. 阿爾貝親自負(fù)責(zé)摩納哥對(duì)g20的回應(yīng)。 3.depend on 依賴;相信;信賴 Few non-profits pay well and many depend on volunteers. 沒有幾個(gè)非營(yíng)利機(jī)構(gòu)工資豐厚，很多還要依靠志愿者。 You can depend on this newspaper. 你可以依賴這家報(bào)紙。 4.split into 分成 Its evolution can be crudely split into three periods. 它的發(fā)展可以大致分成三個(gè)階段。 The group eventually split into three segments, relegating distinct roles and tasks. 幫會(huì)最終分裂成三個(gè)陣營(yíng)，歸入不同的任務(wù)和角色。
