Pilotless aircraft

　　無人機

　　Giving drones a thumbs up

　　向無人機打手勢

　　How to integrate the control of piloted andpilotless aircraft

　　如何讓指揮有人機的方法適用于無人機

　　DECK officers on American aircraft carriers use hand gestures to guide planes around theirvessels.

　　在美國的航空母艦上，甲板指揮員會用手勢指揮母艦附近的飛機。

　　These signals are fast, efficient and perfect for a noisy environment.

　　這種信號快速、高效，而且十分適用于嘈雜的環境。

　　Unfortunately, they work only with people.

　　但遺憾的是，只有人才能讀懂這些手勢。

　　They are utterly lost on roboticdronesand even if a drone is under the control of a remote pilot deep in the bowels ofthe ship,

　　在無人機上，這一套完全失效;而即便有飛行員在船艙深處遠程操控這架飛機，

　　that pilot often has difficulty reading them.

　　他往往也很難識別那些手勢。

　　Since drones are becoming more and more important in modern warfare, this is a nuisance.

　　這是個麻煩，因為無人機在現代戰爭里變得越來越重要了。

　　Life would be easier for all if drones were smart enough to respond directly to a deckofficer s gesticulations.

　　若無人機的智能達到了足以直接響應甲板指揮員手勢的程度，那一切都會好很多。

　　Making them that smart is the goal of Yale Song, a computer scientist at the MassachusettsInstitute of Technology.

　　讓無人機具備這樣的智能是麻省理工學院計算機科學家Yale Song的目標。

　　He is not there yet but,

　　這個目標雖尚未達成，

　　as he reports in ACM Transactions on Interactive Intelligent Systems,

　　不過正如他在《美國計算機學會交互式智能系統學報》所報告的，

　　he and his colleagues David Demirdjian and Randall Davis have developed a promisingprototype.

　　他和他的同事David Demirdjian和Randall Davis已開發了一個很有前景的原型系統。

　　To try teaching drones the language of hand signals Mr Song and his colleagues made a seriesof videos in which various deck officers performed to camera a set of 24 commonly usedgestures.

　　為了讓無人機讀懂手語，Yale Song和他的同事制作了一系列視頻，視頻記錄了多位甲板指揮員對著攝象機擺出的24個常用手勢。

　　They then fed these videos into an algorithm of their own devising that was designed toanalyse the position and movement of a human body, and told the algorithm what eachgesture represented.

　　然后他們用一個自己設計的算法來處理這些視頻，并讓算法知道每個手勢的意義。

　　The idea was that the algorithm would learn the association and, having seen the samegesture performed by different people,

　　他們的設想是，該算法會記住每個手勢所對應的意義，而在對不同人擺出的相同手勢進行處理后能夠概括出手勢本身的意義，

　　would be able to generalise what was going on and thus recognise gestures performed bystrangers.

　　從而識別任何人擺出的手勢。

　　Unfortunately, it did not quite work out like that.

　　很遺憾，實際與預想的不太一樣。

　　In much the same way that spoken language is actually a continuous stream of sound,

　　其實指揮飛行員所用的手語和人說的話差不多。

　　so the language of gestures to pilots is also continuous, with one flowing seamlessly intothe next.

　　后者實際上是一串連續的聲音，而手語同樣也是連續的，因為兩個動作之間是連貫的。

　　And the algorithm could not cope with that.

　　但該算法無法處理這種連續的信息。

　　To overcome this difficulty Mr Song imposed gaps by chopping the videos up intothree-second blocks.

　　為了解決這個問題，Yale Song以3秒為一段將視頻截開，在各段之間插入時間間隔。

　　That allowed the computer time for reflection.

　　這樣就給計算機留出了響應時間。

　　Its accuracy was also increased by interpreting each block in light of those immediatelybefore and after it,

　　同時識別的準確率也有所提高。因為這樣計算機就能根據前一段及后一段的視頻來理解當前這一段，

　　to see if the result was a coherent message of the sort a deck officer might actually wish toimpart.

　　看看結果是不是那種甲板指揮員可能真的想擺出的有特定意義的手勢。

　　The result is a system that gets it right three-quarters of the time.

　　他們最終做出了一個正確率為75%的系統。

　　Obviously that is not enough:

　　顯然，那樣是不夠的：

　　you would not entrust the fate of a multi-million-dollar drone to such a system.

　　你不會將一架價值數百萬美元的無人機交給這樣的系統。

　　But it is a good start.

　　但這是個好的開始。

　　If Mr Song can push the accuracy up to that displayed by a human pilot, then the task ofcontrolling activity on deck should become a lot easier.

　　若Yale Song能將無人機識別手勢的正確率提高至與真人飛行員相當，那么在甲板指揮無人機會容易得多。

　　詞語解釋

　　1.aircraft n.飛機，航空器

　　Application for registration of mortgage in civilaircraft 1.

　　民用航空器抵押權登記申請書。

　　2.vessel n.容器;船，飛船

　　Your flesh is a relic, a mere vessel.

　　你的肉體已成廢物，只是個容器。

　　3.environment n.環境，外界;周圍

　　But is that a safe environment for a child?

　　但這樣的環境對孩子來說安全嗎?

　　4.warfare n.戰爭，戰爭狀態;斗爭

　　It is imperative to conduct psychological warfare.

　　進行心理戰是必要的。

　　5.institute n.協會;學會;學院

　　He graduated from an institute of foreign trade.

　　他是外貿學院畢業的。

　　Pilotless aircraft

　　無人機

　　Giving drones a thumbs up

　　向無人機打手勢

　　How to integrate the control of piloted andpilotless aircraft

　　如何讓指揮有人機的方法適用于無人機

　　DECK officers on American aircraft carriers use hand gestures to guide planes around theirvessels.

　　在美國的航空母艦上，甲板指揮員會用手勢指揮母艦附近的飛機。

　　These signals are fast, efficient and perfect for a noisy environment.

　　這種信號快速、高效，而且十分適用于嘈雜的環境。

　　Unfortunately, they work only with people.

　　但遺憾的是，只有人才能讀懂這些手勢。

　　They are utterly lost on roboticdronesand even if a drone is under the control of a remote pilot deep in the bowels ofthe ship,

　　在無人機上，這一套完全失效;而即便有飛行員在船艙深處遠程操控這架飛機，

　　that pilot often has difficulty reading them.

　　他往往也很難識別那些手勢。

　　Since drones are becoming more and more important in modern warfare, this is a nuisance.

　　這是個麻煩，因為無人機在現代戰爭里變得越來越重要了。

　　Life would be easier for all if drones were smart enough to respond directly to a deckofficer s gesticulations.

　　若無人機的智能達到了足以直接響應甲板指揮員手勢的程度，那一切都會好很多。

　　Making them that smart is the goal of Yale Song, a computer scientist at the MassachusettsInstitute of Technology.

　　讓無人機具備這樣的智能是麻省理工學院計算機科學家Yale Song的目標。

　　He is not there yet but,

　　這個目標雖尚未達成，

　　as he reports in ACM Transactions on Interactive Intelligent Systems,

　　不過正如他在《美國計算機學會交互式智能系統學報》所報告的，

　　he and his colleagues David Demirdjian and Randall Davis have developed a promisingprototype.

　　他和他的同事David Demirdjian和Randall Davis已開發了一個很有前景的原型系統。

　　To try teaching drones the language of hand signals Mr Song and his colleagues made a seriesof videos in which various deck officers performed to camera a set of 24 commonly usedgestures.

　　為了讓無人機讀懂手語，Yale Song和他的同事制作了一系列視頻，視頻記錄了多位甲板指揮員對著攝象機擺出的24個常用手勢。

　　They then fed these videos into an algorithm of their own devising that was designed toanalyse the position and movement of a human body, and told the algorithm what eachgesture represented.

　　然后他們用一個自己設計的算法來處理這些視頻，并讓算法知道每個手勢的意義。

　　The idea was that the algorithm would learn the association and, having seen the samegesture performed by different people,

　　他們的設想是，該算法會記住每個手勢所對應的意義，而在對不同人擺出的相同手勢進行處理后能夠概括出手勢本身的意義，

　　would be able to generalise what was going on and thus recognise gestures performed bystrangers.

　　從而識別任何人擺出的手勢。

　　Unfortunately, it did not quite work out like that.

　　很遺憾，實際與預想的不太一樣。

　　In much the same way that spoken language is actually a continuous stream of sound,

　　其實指揮飛行員所用的手語和人說的話差不多。

　　so the language of gestures to pilots is also continuous, with one flowing seamlessly intothe next.

　　后者實際上是一串連續的聲音，而手語同樣也是連續的，因為兩個動作之間是連貫的。

　　And the algorithm could not cope with that.

　　但該算法無法處理這種連續的信息。

　　To overcome this difficulty Mr Song imposed gaps by chopping the videos up intothree-second blocks.

　　為了解決這個問題，Yale Song以3秒為一段將視頻截開，在各段之間插入時間間隔。

　　That allowed the computer time for reflection.

　　這樣就給計算機留出了響應時間。

　　Its accuracy was also increased by interpreting each block in light of those immediatelybefore and after it,

　　同時識別的準確率也有所提高。因為這樣計算機就能根據前一段及后一段的視頻來理解當前這一段，

　　to see if the result was a coherent message of the sort a deck officer might actually wish toimpart.

　　看看結果是不是那種甲板指揮員可能真的想擺出的有特定意義的手勢。

　　The result is a system that gets it right three-quarters of the time.

　　他們最終做出了一個正確率為75%的系統。

　　Obviously that is not enough:

　　顯然，那樣是不夠的：

　　you would not entrust the fate of a multi-million-dollar drone to such a system.

　　你不會將一架價值數百萬美元的無人機交給這樣的系統。

　　But it is a good start.

　　但這是個好的開始。

　　If Mr Song can push the accuracy up to that displayed by a human pilot, then the task ofcontrolling activity on deck should become a lot easier.

　　若Yale Song能將無人機識別手勢的正確率提高至與真人飛行員相當，那么在甲板指揮無人機會容易得多。

　　詞語解釋

　　1.aircraft n.飛機，航空器

　　Application for registration of mortgage in civilaircraft 1.

　　民用航空器抵押權登記申請書。

　　2.vessel n.容器;船，飛船

　　Your flesh is a relic, a mere vessel.

　　你的肉體已成廢物，只是個容器。

　　3.environment n.環境，外界;周圍

　　But is that a safe environment for a child?

　　但這樣的環境對孩子來說安全嗎?

　　4.warfare n.戰爭，戰爭狀態;斗爭

　　It is imperative to conduct psychological warfare.

　　進行心理戰是必要的。

　　5.institute n.協會;學會;學院

　　He graduated from an institute of foreign trade.

　　他是外貿學院畢業的。