第5課

　　虛擬語氣

　　一、虛擬語氣的規(guī)則用法：

　　1主、從句都表示與過去事實(shí)相反：

　　從句的謂語動(dòng)詞用：had + 動(dòng)詞過去分詞;

　　主句的謂語動(dòng)詞用：情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 + have + 動(dòng)詞過去分詞。

　　注意：能用于虛擬語氣的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞只有四個(gè)：should, could, would, might.

　　使用哪一個(gè)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞要由句子含義決定，考試中出現(xiàn)最多的是could, would.

　　2 主、從句都表示與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反：

　　從句的謂語動(dòng)詞用：動(dòng)詞過去式(如果是be則只能用were)

　　主句的謂語動(dòng)詞用：情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 + 動(dòng)詞原形。

　　3 主、從句都表示與將來事實(shí)相反：

　　從句的謂語動(dòng)詞用：were to + 動(dòng)詞原形(重點(diǎn))、should + 動(dòng)詞原形、動(dòng)詞過去式;

　　主句的謂語動(dòng)詞用：情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 + 動(dòng)詞原形。

　　二、虛擬語氣的特殊應(yīng)用：

　　1 would rather + 句子，這時(shí)句子謂語動(dòng)詞用一般過去時(shí)來體現(xiàn)虛擬語氣。

　　2 if only 如果，要是...就好了，if only + 句子，這時(shí)句子一定要用虛擬語氣。

　　有兩種形式可以體現(xiàn)虛擬語氣：

　　a. 如果該句子如果表示與現(xiàn)在或?qū)硎聦?shí)相反，謂語動(dòng)詞用一般過去時(shí)。

　　b. 如果該句子如果表示與過去事實(shí)相反，謂語動(dòng)詞用過去完成時(shí)。

　　70. Look at the terrible situation I am in! If only I _B_ your advice.

　　A follow B had followed C would follow D have followed

　　47. If only the committee _D_ the regulations and put them into effect as soon as possible

　　A approve B will approve C can approve D would approve

　　注意：當(dāng)if only后的句子表示與現(xiàn)在或?qū)硎聦?shí)相反，該用動(dòng)詞過去式來表示虛擬語氣，而選項(xiàng)中又沒有時(shí)，可以采用這種形式：would + 動(dòng)詞原形。

　　3 當(dāng)以下動(dòng)詞后加句子時(shí)，句子應(yīng)用虛擬語氣，句子謂語動(dòng)詞的形式是：(should)+ 動(dòng)詞原形。

　　a. 表示建議、提議的：suggest, advise, propose, recommend, move.

　　b. 表示要求的：ask, demand, require, request, desire.

　　c. 表示指揮、命令的：order, command, direct.

　　d. 表示堅(jiān)持，堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為的：insist.

　　4 it is + 第三點(diǎn)中動(dòng)詞的過去分詞 + that引導(dǎo)的從句。

　　這樣的結(jié)構(gòu)中從句謂語動(dòng)詞形式為：(should)+ 動(dòng)詞原形。

　　以下幾個(gè)形容詞置于該結(jié)構(gòu)中時(shí)也要用相同的形式來體現(xiàn)虛擬語氣：

　　important, necessary, essential, obligatory(有義務(wù)的，強(qiáng)制性的，必須的)。

　　5 第三點(diǎn)中動(dòng)詞相應(yīng)的名詞形式 + that引導(dǎo)從句，該從句同樣要用虛擬語氣，

　　謂語動(dòng)詞形式為：(should)+ 動(dòng)詞原形。

　　經(jīng)常用于這種結(jié)構(gòu)的詞有：suggestion, advice, proposal, recommendation, motion.

　　6 以下一些表達(dá)方式所在的句子一定要用虛擬語氣。

　　or, otherwise, unless, but for

　　當(dāng)遇到含有以上四個(gè)表達(dá)方式的句子時(shí)，先要判斷該句是表示與現(xiàn)在、過去、還是將來事實(shí)相反，然后依照相應(yīng)的虛擬語氣規(guī)則用法的形式來確定句子結(jié)構(gòu)。

　　含有下面三個(gè)表達(dá)方式的句子體現(xiàn)虛擬語氣的形式是固定的：

　　lest, for fear that, on condition that

　　它們后面句子的謂語動(dòng)詞的形式都是：(should)+ 動(dòng)詞原形。

　　7 it is time 是...的時(shí)候了。

　　這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)有以下兩種變形形式，所用虛擬語氣形式都一樣：it is high time / it is about time.

　　這三個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)后面加的句子謂語動(dòng)詞都用一般過去時(shí)來體現(xiàn)虛擬語氣。

　　8 注意以下兩種情況下should + 動(dòng)詞原形中should不能省略。

　　這里should表示一種語氣，經(jīng)常被翻譯成竟然。

　　a. 四個(gè)動(dòng)詞：think, believe, expect, suspect.

　　它們的否定或者疑問形式后面加句子，句子謂語動(dòng)詞用：should + 動(dòng)詞原形，should不能省略。

　　I dont believe that he should be cheated. 我不相信他也會(huì)被騙。

　　b. it is a pity, it is a shame 真遺憾，it is strange 真怪

　　以上三個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)后面加的句子謂語動(dòng)詞用：should + 動(dòng)詞原形，should不能省略。

　　錯(cuò)綜時(shí)態(tài)的虛擬語氣

　　錯(cuò)綜時(shí)態(tài)的虛擬語氣即指主句和從句在表達(dá)是與什么時(shí)態(tài)的事實(shí)相反上并不一致(比如主句要表達(dá)與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反而從句要表達(dá)與過去事實(shí)相反)，這種情況要采用對號(hào)入座的方法來處理，即主從句結(jié)構(gòu)分別采用與其表達(dá)時(shí)態(tài)對應(yīng)的結(jié)構(gòu)。

　　60. If I hadnt stood under the ladder to catch you when you fell, you _A_ now.

　　A wouldnt be smiling B couldnt have smiled C wont smile D didnt smile

　　2. If you had studied the problem carefully yesterday, _C_.

　　A you wont find any difficulty now B you would not have found any difficulty now

　　C you would not find any difficulty now D you have not found any difficulty now

　　3. He would be studying at the university now if he _C_ the entrance examination.

　　A passed B have passed C had passed D should have passed

　　16. It is a shame that he _B_ that poor little girl!

　　A deceived B should deceive C deceive D deceiving

　　18. Mrs. bliss kept the door and the windows shut lest the noise outside _D_ her sons sleep.

　　A would interfere with B had interfered with

　　C interfered with D should interfere with

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　　21. The fifth generation computers, with artificial intelligence, _C_ and perfected now.

　　A) developed B have developed C are being developed D will have been developed

　　22. This ticket _C_ you to a free meal in our new restaurant.

　　A gives B grants C entitles D credits

　　A,B兩項(xiàng)都要加雙賓語，結(jié)構(gòu)為：gives / grants sb. sth.

　　entitle sb. to sth. 使某人有權(quán)得到某物; credit A to B 相信A是由B造成的。

　　相信飛機(jī)失事是由飛行員錯(cuò)誤造成的。 Credit the crash to the pilots mistake.

　　crash 墜落，墜毀(專指飛機(jī)失事); collision 碰撞(強(qiáng)調(diào)兩個(gè)物體碰撞，如火車、汽車等)。

　　we are sorry, very sorry, terribly sorry, awfully sorry.

　　23. You _D_ her in her office last Friday; shes been out of town for two weeks.

　　A neednt have seen B must have seen

　　C might have seen D cant have seen

　　24. That was so serious a matter that I had no choice but _D_ the police.

　　A called in B calling in C call in D to call in

　　have no choice but to do sth. 別無選擇，只能做...

　　25. She was so _B_ in her job that she didnt hear anybody knocking at the door.

　　A attracted B absorbed C drawn D concentrated

　　be attracted by 被所吸引; be absorbed in 全神貫注(專注)于做

　　be drawn in 被誘騙(誘使)做... ; concentrate on 專注于。

　　I was simply drawn in. 我是被誘騙上鉤的。

　　27. At first, the speaker was referring to the problem of pollution in the country, but halfway in her speech, she suddenly _B_ to another subject.

　　A committed B switched C favoured D transmitted

　　switch to another subject 轉(zhuǎn)換話題; switch to another channel 轉(zhuǎn)換。

　　28. It is politely requested by the hotel management that radios _C_ after 11 oclock at night.

　　A were not played B not to play C not be played D did not play

　　29. Although I like the appearance of the house, what really made me decide to buy it was the beautiful _D_ through the window.

　　A vision B look C picture D view

　　view n. 景色，風(fēng)景，視野，視域。

　　30. Cancer is second only _B_ heart disease as a cause of death.

　　A of B to C with D from

　　具有比較意味的形容詞都要與介詞to搭配。

　　32. The manager needs an assistant that he can _A_ to take care of problems in his absence.

　　A count on B count in C count up D count out

　　presence n. 到場，出席; in ones presence 在某人在場的情況下。

　　count on=depend on 指望，依靠，依賴; count up 算出總數(shù);

　　count in 把算在內(nèi); count out 把...排除在外。

　　33. The organization had broken no rules, but _A_ had it acted responsibly.

　　A neither B so C either D both

　　34. We gave out a cheer when the red roof of the cottage came _D_ view.

　　A from B in C before D into

　　come into view 進(jìn)入視野，進(jìn)入眼簾。 cheer n. 歡呼; cheers 干杯;

　　cheer-team 拉拉隊(duì); cheer-leader 拉拉隊(duì)長。英語中為了干杯用介詞to引起。

　　to your health 為了你的健康干杯; to friendship為了友誼干杯。 bottom up 先干了。

　　35. They took _D_ measures to prevent poisonous gases from escaping.

　　A fruitful B beneficial C valid D effective

　　take effective measures 采取有效措施。 valid adj. 有效的，成立的。

　　36. Doing your homework is a sure way to improve your test scores, and this is especially true _A_ it comes to classroom tests.

　　A when B since C before D after

　　sure 做定語時(shí)表示可靠的、穩(wěn)妥的。 come to 談到，提及。

　　37. Careful surveys have indicated that as many as 50 percent of patients do not take drugs _D_ directed.

　　A like B so C which D as

　　drug n. 藥品，毒品。 gay adj. 放蕩的，快樂的; n. 同性戀者，尤指男性同性戀。

　　so后面加過去分詞表示一種程度。 as后面加過去分詞時(shí)表示如同那樣，正如那樣。

　　53. I hope all the precautions against air pollution, _D_ suggested by the local government, will be seriously considered here.

　　A while B since C after D as

　　precautions n. 防治措施; precautions against 防治的措施。

　　after being + 過去分詞，注意：after后面不能直接加過去分詞。

　　38. In developing countries people are _C_ into overcrowded cities in great numbers.

　　A breaking B filling C pouring D hurrying

　　pour into 涌入，蜂擁而入。 break into 強(qiáng)行闖入。

　　39. Its reported that by the end of this month the output of cement in the factory _A_ by about 10%.

　　A will have risen B has risen C will be rising D has been rising

　　表達(dá)將來的行為在將來某時(shí)間之前完成用將來完成時(shí)。

　　40. If I had remembered _A_ the window, the thief would not have got in.

　　A to close B closing C to have closed D having closed

　　remember to do sth. 記得要做某事但沒做。

　　41. There are other problems which I dont propose to _A_ at the moment.

　　A go into B go around C go for D go up

　　at the moment 目前，現(xiàn)在。 go into 談?wù)摚懻摗?/p>

　　42. Dont get your schedule _C_; stay with us in this class.

　　A to change B changing C changed D change

　　43. It is quite necessary for a qualified teacher to have good manners and _A_ knowledge.

　　A extensive B expansive C intensive D expensive

　　extensive adj. 范圍廣大的，廣博的; extensive knowledge 知識(shí)淵博。

　　expansive adj. 擴(kuò)張的，面積廣闊的; expensive adj. 昂貴的，高價(jià)的。

　　intensive adj. 仔細(xì)深入的，細(xì)致入微的。

　　54. The patients health failed to such an extent that he was put into _C_ care.

　　A tense B rigid C intensive D tight

　　to such an extent 到如此的程度。 intensive care 特級(jí)護(hù)理。

　　44. Jean doesnt want to work right away because she thinks that if she _B_ a job she probably wouldnt be able to see her friends very often.

　　A has to get B were to get C had got D could have got

　　46. A love marriage, however, does not necessarily _B_ much sharing of interests and responsibilities.

　　A take over B result in C hold on D keep to

　　not necessarily 未必; interests n. 利益。 take over 接管，接收;

　　result in 導(dǎo)致，結(jié)果是; hold on 堅(jiān)持，挺住; keep to 堅(jiān)持，遵守。

　　47. The ability to store knowledge makes computers different form every other machine _A_ invented.

　　A ever B thus C yet D as

　　48. Im not sure whether I can gain any profit from the investment, so I cant make a _C_ promise to help you.

　　A exact B defined C definite D sure

　　definite: unlikely to be changed 不可能被改變的; definite promise 不可能被改變的諾言。

　　49. I have kept that portrait _B_ I can see it every day, as it always reminds me of my university days in London.

　　A which B where C whether D when

　　which在定語從句中除了做主語就是做賓語，when在定語從句中只能做時(shí)間狀語。

　　remind sb. of sth. 使某人想起某事。

　　50. The sports meet, originally due to be held last Friday, was finally _D_ because of the bad weather.

　　A set off B broken off C worn off D called off

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　　21. Until then, his family _D_ from him for six months.

　　A didnt hear B hasnt been hearing C hasnt heard D hadnt heard

　　until then 直到那時(shí)。 hear from sb. 收到某人的來信，得到某人的消息。

　　22. The conference _B_ a full week by the time it ends.

　　A must have lasted B will have lasted C would last D has lasted

　　見到介詞by引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語，謂語動(dòng)詞就應(yīng)是完成時(shí)態(tài)。

　　24. Physics is _B_ to the science which was called natural philosophy in history.

　　A alike B equivalent C likely D uniform

　　be alike to sb. 對于某人來說均是一樣的。 be equivalent to 相當(dāng)于。

　　All tastes are alike to him. 所有味道對他來說都一樣。

　　27. The new appointment of our president _A_ from the very beginning of next semester.

　　A takes effect B takes part C takes place D takes turns

　　semester n. 學(xué)期; president n. 大學(xué)校長; take effect 生效，發(fā)生效力;

　　take part in 參與，參加; take place=happen 發(fā)生; takes turn to do sth. 輪流做某事。

　　28. The president made a _A_ speech at the opening ceremony of the sports meeting, which encouraged the sportsmen greatly.

　　A vigorous B tedious C flat D harsh

　　ceremony n. 典禮，儀式;表達(dá)在某個(gè)典禮上介詞用at。 vigorous adj. 強(qiáng)勁有力的，強(qiáng)有力的。

　　harsh adj. 刺耳的，令人不愉快的; flat adj. 平淡無奇的; tedious adj. 冗長無聊的。