語(yǔ)法復(fù)習(xí)十一：助動(dòng)詞與情態(tài)動(dòng)詞

　　（一）助動(dòng)詞有be, have, do, will, shall。它們本身沒(méi)有詞義，只和實(shí)義動(dòng)詞的一定形式構(gòu)成復(fù)合謂語(yǔ)，用來(lái)表示時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)，構(gòu)成否定、疑問(wèn)及加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)氣等。

　　1、be (am, is, are, were, been)

　　(l)“be + -ing”構(gòu)成進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)；（2）“be + 過(guò)去分詞”構(gòu)成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)；（3）“be + 動(dòng)詞不定式”構(gòu)成復(fù)合謂語(yǔ)：①表示按計(jì)劃安排要發(fā)生的事。The prime minister is to visit Japan next year. 總理將于明年訪(fǎng)問(wèn)日本。② 用于命令。You're to do your homework before you watch TV.你得做完了作業(yè)才能看電視。

　　2、have (has, had)

　　(1)“have+過(guò)去分詞”構(gòu)成完成時(shí)態(tài)。如：Have you seen the film ? (2)“have been + -ing”構(gòu)成完成進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)。如：What have you been doing these days? 這些日子你一直在干什么?

　　3、do (does, did)

　　(1)“do not + 動(dòng)詞原形”構(gòu)成行為動(dòng)詞的否定式。如：His brother doesn’t like playing basket.；(2)“Do + 主語(yǔ) + 動(dòng)詞原形”構(gòu)成行為動(dòng)詞的一般疑問(wèn)句。Does he go to school by bike every day? (3)“do + 動(dòng)詞原形”用于祈使句或陳述句中表示加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)氣。如：I did go to see him, but he wasn’t in我確實(shí)去看望他了，但他不在家。Do do some work. 請(qǐng)一定做點(diǎn)什么；(4)代替前面剛出現(xiàn)的動(dòng)詞以避免重復(fù)。My mother told me to go to bed early. So I did.

　　4.will, shall (would, should)

　　“will (shall+動(dòng)詞原形”構(gòu)成一般將來(lái)時(shí)，一般來(lái)說(shuō)shall用于第一人稱(chēng)，will用于第二人稱(chēng)或第三人稱(chēng)，口語(yǔ)中常用will代替shll，如：We will have a meeting to discuss the problem.

　　（二）情態(tài)動(dòng)詞

　　情態(tài)動(dòng)詞表示說(shuō)話(huà)人對(duì)某一動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)的態(tài)度，可以表示“可能”、“可以”、“需要”、“必須”或“應(yīng)當(dāng)”等之意。情態(tài)動(dòng)詞沒(méi)有人稱(chēng)和數(shù)的變化。但不能單獨(dú)作謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用，必須和不帶to的不定式連用構(gòu)成謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。只有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞ought要和帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式連用，在句中作謂語(yǔ)用。

　　將情態(tài)動(dòng)詞置于主語(yǔ)之前即構(gòu)成其疑問(wèn)式，在情態(tài)動(dòng)詞之后加not既構(gòu)成其否定式。現(xiàn)將各情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的基本用法分述如下：

　　1、can和could (could為can的過(guò)去式) 的基本用法

　　(1)表示能力，如：He can speak English better than you. (2)在疑問(wèn)句和否定句中表示“懷疑”、“猜測(cè)”或“可能性”，如：Can this green bike be Liu Dong's? (3)表示“許可”時(shí)can可以和may換用，如：You can (may) go home now. (4)如果要表示語(yǔ)氣婉轉(zhuǎn)，可用could代替can，這時(shí)could不再是can的過(guò)去式，如：Could you come again tomorrow? (5)can和be able to都可表示能力，兩者在意思上沒(méi)有什么區(qū)別。但是can只能有現(xiàn)在式和過(guò)去式，而be able to則有更多的形式，如：He will be able to do the work better.

　　2、may和might (might為may的過(guò)去式)的基本用法

　　(1)表示允許或征詢(xún)對(duì)方許可，有“可以”之意，如：You may use my dictionary. 在回答對(duì)方說(shuō)“可以做某事”或“不可以做某事”時(shí)，一般多不用may或 may not，以避免語(yǔ)氣生硬或不容氣。而用比較婉轉(zhuǎn)的說(shuō)法進(jìn)行回答。如：---- May I use this dictionary? ---- Yes, please. 或 ---- Certainly. 在請(qǐng)求對(duì)方許可時(shí)，如果Might I…? 就比用May I…? 語(yǔ)氣更婉轉(zhuǎn)些，如：May I have a look at your new computer? 但是表示“阻止”或“禁止”對(duì)方做某事時(shí)，要用must not代替may not，如：---- May we swim in this lake? ---- No, you mustn’t. It’s too dangerous. (2)may或 might都可以表示可能性，表示“或許”、“可能”之意，如果用might表示可能性，則語(yǔ)氣更加不肯定，如：They

　　may (might) be in the library now .

　　3、must的基本用法

　　(1)must表示“必須”、“應(yīng)該”之意，其否定式 must not，縮寫(xiě)形式為 mustn't，表示“不應(yīng)該”，“不準(zhǔn)”、“不許可”或“禁止”之意，如：We must study hard and make progress every day. You mustn't touch the fire. (2)對(duì)以must提出的疑問(wèn)句，如作否定回答時(shí)，要用needn't或用don't (doesn't) have to (不 必)來(lái)回答，而不用mustn't，因?yàn)閙ustn't表示的是“禁止”或“不許可”之意，如：---- Must we finish the work tomorrow? ---- No, you needn't (don't have to), but you must finish

　　it in three days. (3)在肯定句中must可以表示推測(cè)，表示“一定”或“必定”之意，如：---- Whose new bike can it be? ---- It must be Liu Dong's. I know his father has just bought him a new one.

　　4、can, could, may, must后接完成式的用法

　　(1)can, could后接完成式的用法：①在否定句或疑問(wèn)句中表示對(duì)過(guò)去發(fā)生過(guò)的事情的“懷疑”或“不肯定”的態(tài)度，Could he have said so? ②在肯定句中，可以表示過(guò)去可能做到而實(shí)際并沒(méi)做到的事情，有“勸告”或“責(zé)備”的語(yǔ)氣。如：---- When did you answer her letter? ---- Only yesterday. ---- It's too late. You could have answered it earlier, I am sure. (2)may, might后接完成式的用法 ①表示對(duì)過(guò)去某事的推測(cè)，認(rèn)為某一件事情在過(guò)去可能發(fā)生了。如果使用might，語(yǔ)氣就比較婉轉(zhuǎn)或更加不肯定，如：Mary might have learned some Chinese before. ②可以表示過(guò)去本來(lái)可以做到而實(shí) 際沒(méi)有做到的事情，有“勸告”或“責(zé)備”的語(yǔ)氣，如：You didn't do the work well that day. You might have done it better. (3)must后接完成式的用法：表示對(duì)過(guò)去某事的推測(cè)，認(rèn)為某事在過(guò)去一定做到 了，如：Liu Dong isn’t in the classroom. He must have gone to the library.

　　5、have to 的基本用法：have to和must的意義相近，只是 must側(cè)重表示說(shuō)話(huà)人的主觀(guān)看法，而have to 則表示客觀(guān)需要，如：I must study hard. I had to give it up because of illness.

　　6、ought to的基本用法

　　(l)表示根據(jù)某種義務(wù)或必要“應(yīng)當(dāng)”做某事，語(yǔ)氣比should強(qiáng)，例如：Everyone ought to obey the traffic regulations. (2)表示推測(cè)，注意與must表示推測(cè)時(shí)的區(qū)別：He must be home by now .(斷定他已到家)，He ought to be home by now .(不十分肯定)，This is where the oil must be.(比較直率) ，This is where the oil ought to be. (比較含蓄) ；(3)“ought + have+ 過(guò)去分詞”表示過(guò)去應(yīng)做某事而 實(shí)際未做。例如：You ought to have helped him. (but you didn’t) 這時(shí)，ought與 should可以互相換用。注意，在美國(guó)英語(yǔ)中ought to 用于否定和疑問(wèn)句時(shí)to可以省略。例如：Ought you smoke so much? You oughtn’t smoke so much.

　　7、dare的基本用法

　　(l)dare (dared為其過(guò)去式) 作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞用時(shí)，主要用于否定句，疑問(wèn)句和條件從句中，如：Dared he bread the traffic regulations again? (2)在現(xiàn)代英語(yǔ)中dare常用作行為動(dòng)詞，其變化與一般行為動(dòng)詞相同，如：She dares to stay at home alone at night.

　　8、need的基本用法

　　(1)need作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞用時(shí)，主要用于否定句和疑問(wèn)句中，如：He needn't worry about us now.

　　(2)need也可作為行為動(dòng)詞用，可用于肯定句，否定句和疑問(wèn)句中，其后可接名詞、代詞、動(dòng)名詞或帶 to 的動(dòng)詞不定式為其賓語(yǔ)。如：You need to practise reading aloud every day. (3)needn't后接完成式可以表示過(guò)去做了一件本來(lái)不必要做的事情，如：---- Did you answer the letter yesterday? ---- Yes, I did. ---- But you needn’t have answered it.

　　9、shall的基本用法

　　(1)shall用作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞時(shí)，用于第二、三人稱(chēng)，表示說(shuō)活人的意愿，可表示“命令”、“警告”、“強(qiáng)制”、“威脅”或“允諾”等意，如：He shall go first, whether he wants to or not. (2)在疑問(wèn)句中，shall用于第一、三人稱(chēng)，表示說(shuō)話(huà)人的征詢(xún)對(duì)方意見(jiàn)或請(qǐng)求指示，如：Shall I open the door?

　　10、should的基本用法

　　(1)should作為情態(tài)動(dòng)詞可以表示“建議”或“勸告”，有“應(yīng)該”之意，如：You should learn from each other. (2)should后接完成式表示過(guò)去沒(méi)有做到本來(lái)應(yīng)該做的事情，或是做了本來(lái)不應(yīng)該做的事情。如：You should have give him more help.

　　11、will的基本用法

　　(1)用于各人稱(chēng)，可以表示“意志”或“決心”，如：I have told him again and again to stop smoking, but he will not listen. (2)在疑問(wèn)句中用于第二人稱(chēng)，表示說(shuō)話(huà)人向?qū)Ψ教岢稣?qǐng)求或詢(xún)問(wèn)對(duì)方的意愿，如：Will you please tell me how to get to the Capital Gymnasium? (3)will可以表示一種習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作，有“總是”或“會(huì)要”之意，如：Every morning he will have a walk along this river.

　　12、would的基本用法

　　(1)would作為will的過(guò)去式，可用于各人稱(chēng)，表示過(guò)去時(shí)間的“意志”或“決心”，如：He promised

　　he would never smoke again. (2)在疑問(wèn)句中，用于第二人稱(chēng)，表示說(shuō)話(huà)人向?qū)Ψ教岢稣?qǐng)求或許問(wèn)對(duì)方的意愿時(shí)，比用will的氣更加婉轉(zhuǎn)，如：Would you like some more coffee? (3)在日常生活中，學(xué)用“I would like to…”表示“我想要”或“我愿意”之意，以使語(yǔ)氣婉轉(zhuǎn)，如：I would like to do Ex.2 first. (4)would可以表示過(guò)去的習(xí)慣動(dòng)作，比used to正式，并沒(méi)有“現(xiàn)已無(wú)此習(xí)慣”的含義。如：Last year our English teacher would sometimes tell us stories in English after class. / During the vacation he would visit me every week. (5)表料想或猜想，如：It would be about ten when he left home./ What would she be doing there?/ I thought he would have told you about it.

　　13、used to, had better, would rather的用法

　　(1)used to表示過(guò)去的習(xí)慣動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，現(xiàn)在已不存在，在間接引語(yǔ)中，其形式可不變，例如：He told us he used to play foot ball when he was young. 在疑問(wèn)句、否定句、否定疑問(wèn)句或強(qiáng)調(diào)句中，可有兩種形式。疑問(wèn)句：Did you use to/ Used you to go to the same school as your brother? 否定句：I usedn’t to / didn’t use to go there. (usedn’t 也可寫(xiě)作usen’t)；否定疑問(wèn)句：Usen’t you to/ Didn’t you use to be interested in the theatre? 強(qiáng)調(diào)句：I certainly used to/ did use to smoke, but it was a long time ago.；其反意疑問(wèn)句或簡(jiǎn)略回答中，也有兩種形式：She used to be very fat. didn’t she?/ use(d)n’t she? Did you use to play chess? Yes, I did./ Used you to get up early in the morning? Yes, I did./ used to. (2)had better意為“最好”，后接不帶to的不定式，例如：---- We had better go now . ---- Yes, we had (we'd better/ we had better)./ Hadn’t we better stop now? (Had we better not stop now?)/ I think I’d better be going. (用于進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)，表“最好立即”)/ You had better have done that (用于完成時(shí)態(tài)，表未完成動(dòng)作) 注：had better用于同輩或小輩，對(duì)長(zhǎng)輩不可用。(3)would rather意為“寧愿”，表選擇，后接不帶to的不定式，例如：I’d rather not say anything./ Would you rather work on a farm?/ ---- Wouldn’t you rather stay here? ---- No, I would not. I’d rather go there. 由于would rather表選擇，因 而后可接than，例如：I would rather work on a farm than in a factory. / I would rather watch TV than go to see the film/ I would rather lose a dozen cherry trees than that you should tell me one lie./ I’d rather you didn’t talk about this to anyone. (句中的 'd rather不是情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，would 在此是表愿望的實(shí)義動(dòng)詞)

　　練習(xí)、助動(dòng)詞與情態(tài)動(dòng)詞

　　1. If they _________ to do this work, he might do it some other way.

　　A. were

　　B. should

　　C. will

　　D. can

　　2. I was told yesterday that the company _________ me to Rome next week for a business conference.

　　A. should have sent

　　B. were going to send

　　C. should be sending

　　D. should send

　　3. Let's take a walk, ________?

　　A. will we

　　B. don't we

　　C. do we

　　D. shall we

　　4. He was a good swimmer so he _________ swim to the river bank when the boat sank.

　　A. could

　　B. might

　　C. should

　　D. was able to

　　5. I went to the doctor's yesterday, I had to wait for half an hour before he ________ see me.

　　A. can

　　B. may

　　C. might

　　D. could

　　6. ---- _________ this book be yours?

　　---- No, it ________ not be mine. It ________ be his.

　　A. Can, must, may

　　B. May, might, must

　　C. Can, may, must

　　D. Must, can, may

　　7. "We didn't see him at the lecture yesterday. "

　　"He _________ it. "

　　A. mustn't attend

　　B. can't have attended

　　C. would have not attended

　　D. needed have attended

　　8. They _________ the plane, or perhaps they have been prevented from coming for some reason.

　　A. can have missed

　　B. may have missed

　　C. can have lost

　　D. may have lost

　　9. Since the ground is white, it _________ last night.

　　A. had snowed

　　B. must have snowed C. must be snowing

　　D. must have been snowing

　　10. You must be fifty, ________?

　　A. mustn't you

　　B. needn't you

　　C. aren't you

　　D. mnyn't you

　　11. You must have seen him off yesterday, _________?

　　A. haven't you

　　B. didn't you

　　C. mustn't you

　　D. needn't you

　　12. ---- That must be a mistake.

　　---- No .it _________ be.

　　A. can't

　　B. isn't able to

　　C. can

　　D. was able to

　　13. He had known the matter before you told him, so you _________ have told it to him.

　　A. mustn't

　　B. can't

　　C. needn't

　　D. shouldn't

　　14. How ________ so?

　　A. dare you to say

　　B. dare you say

　　C. do you dare say

　　D. dare to say

　　15. You are their teacher. You _________ care of them.

　　A. should to take

　　B. might to take

　　C. ought to take

　　D. need to take

　　16. She is studying medical science now but she _________ a lawyer.

　　A. used to be

　　B. would be

　　C. were

　　D. had been

　　17. If you were in an English-speaking country, you, too, _________ English every day.

　　A. will be used to speak

　　B. will be used to speaking

　　C. must be used to speak

　　D. would be used to speaking

　　18. I did not call to make my airline reservation (預(yù)訂) but I _________.

　　A. should have

　　B, may have

　　C. must have

　　D. shall have

　　19. As a girl, she _________ get up at six every day.

　　A. would

　　B. will

　　C. might

　　D. should

　　20. Don't you remember that we _________ to the cinema tonight?

　　A. would go

　　B. go

　　C. are going

　　D. will be gone

　　21. ---- Shall I tell John about it?

　　---- No, you _________. I've told him already.

　　A. needn't

　　B. wouldn't

　　C. mustn't

　　D. shouldn't

　　22. "Would you mind if I open the window?"

　　“__________”.

　　A. I don't like it

　　B. Yes .please

　　C. No, please

　　D. No. I'm sorry

　　23. "Would you tell me something about the affair?"

　　“__________”.

　　A. Yes .please

　　B. All right

　　C. Not at all

　　D. I do

　　24. M:________?

　　T:I'd love to, but I'm afraid I have no time."

　　M:0h, no. You'll surely come over.

　　T: It's very nice of you. But I'm sorry I have to go to a meeting.

　　A. Do you have lunch out in a restaurant

　　B. Shall I have you with me at my birthday

　　C. Did you go to see the film

　　D. Have you enjoyed yourself at the party

　　25. "You ought to have come here ten minutes ago?"

　　"Yes, I _________. "

　　A. ought to

　　B. ought to have

　　C. ought

　　D. have ought to

　　26. "Would you like to go out for a walk?"

　　"Yes, ___________. "

　　A. I'd like to