一、it作人稱代詞 在特定的環(huán)境中，it也可指人，如指嬰兒、性別不詳或身份不明的人。 e.g. The baby stopped crying as soon as it

　　saw the woman.

　　—Who is it?

　　—It’s me. 二、it作形式主語或形式賓語 it可以作形式主語或形式賓語而把真正的主語或賓語后置。 1. 用it作形式主語的主語從句結(jié)構(gòu) (1) It＋系動詞＋形容詞＋that從句 It is necessary/important/surprising/strange ＋that從句，從句中謂語動詞常用“should＋動詞原形”形式，且should可省略。 (2) It＋系動詞＋名詞＋that從句 It is a pity/a shame/good news/a fact/an honour/a wonder/no wonder/our duty＋that從句。 e.g. It’s no wonder that you’ve achieved so

　　much success.

　　(3) It＋不及物動詞＋that從句 It seems/happened/turned out /occurs/ appears＋that從句。 e.g. It happened that he was out when I called

　　on him. (4) It＋系動詞＋過去分詞＋that從句 It is said/reported/announced/believed/ thought/well known/hoped/pointed out/ found out/suggested/ordered/advised/ requested/insisted/required/demanded＋that從句。 e.g. It’s said that they have succeeded in

　　carrying out this experiment. 【注意】在“It is suggested/advised/ordered/ requested/insisted/required/demanded＋that從句”結(jié)構(gòu)中，從句要用虛擬語氣，即謂語動詞用“should＋動詞原形”，should可省略。 e.g. It is suggested that you (should) spend

　　more time in studying English. (5) 其他句型，如It doesn’t matter.../It

　　makes no difference...等。 e.g. It doesn’t matter what you wear, as

　　long as you look neat and tidy.

　　It makes no difference to me whether

　　you go or not. 2. it作形式賓語的情況 (1)動詞find, feel, think, consider, make, believe

　　等后有賓語補(bǔ)足語時，則需要用it作形式賓

　　語，把作為真正賓語的that從句后置。 e.g. We make it a rule that we get up at six

　　every day.

　　We all think it important that we should

　　protect the environment from being

　　polluted. (2) 有些動詞接賓語從句時，需在動詞和從

　　句間加it。這些動詞有：hate, appreciate,

　　take, owe, have等。 e.g. I take it that you will agree with us. (3) “動詞＋介詞＋it＋that”結(jié)構(gòu)。常見的有

　　see to, depend on, rely on等。 e.g. I will see to it that everything is ready on

　　time. 【注意】在連詞than和as引導(dǎo)的比較狀語從句中常常省略從句，只保留人稱代詞，人稱代詞作主語時要用主格，在口語中也常用賓格；但當(dāng)人稱代詞后有動詞時就必須用主格。如： My sister speaks English as well as me/I. (口語中常用me) My sister speaks English as well as I do. (此時只能用I) 二、物主代詞 1．物主代詞分為形容詞性物主代詞和名詞性物主代詞，必須與所指的名詞在人稱、數(shù)和性別方面保持一致。如： The waiters offered their food to the homeless man. 【注意】單數(shù)陽性名詞和單數(shù)陰性名詞連用作主語時，如果前面有every，each修飾，謂語動詞用單數(shù)，代詞用his。如： 2. 形容詞性物主代詞相當(dāng)于形容詞，只能作

　　名詞或動名詞的定語。 e.g. This is our classroom.

　　Would you mind my opening the

　　window? Each boy and each girl wants to lend his raincoat to the soldiers. 3. 名詞性物主代詞相當(dāng)于“形容詞性物主代詞＋名詞”，可單獨(dú)作主語、賓語、表語。此外，名詞性物主代詞還可與名詞及of連用，構(gòu)成雙重所有格。如： This is her coat. Mine is over there. Some friends of mine will attend my birthday party.

　　三、反身代詞 1. 反身代詞通常在enjoy, teach, hurt, buy,

　　introduce, seat, dress, express, amuse,

　　behave等動詞和by, for, to, of等介詞后作賓語。如：

　　He was left at home by himself the whole day yesterday.

　　2. 反身代詞可以作主語的同位語，主要起加強(qiáng)

　　語氣的作用，意為“親自，本人，親身”。

　　e.g. The teacher and pupils mended the road

　　themselves.

　　3. 反身代詞可以在be, feel, look, seem等系動詞

　　后作表語，表示身體或精神狀態(tài)處于正常。

　　e.g. —You look pale. What’s wrong with you?

　　—I’m not feeling myself today, not

　　serious, though.

　　注意(1)反身代詞本身不能單獨(dú)作主語。 (正) I myself drove the car.　我自己開車。 (誤) Myself drove the car. (2) 在由and, or, nor連接的并列主語中，第

　　二個主語可用反身代詞，特別是myself

　　作主語。

　　e.g. Charles and myself saw it.

　　(3) 在不強(qiáng)調(diào)的情況下，but, except, for等介

　　詞后賓語用反身代詞或人稱代詞均可。

　　e.g. No one but myself/me is hurt. 4. 反身代詞的習(xí)慣搭配

　　介詞+反身代詞

　　for oneself

　　為自己；親自地

　　to oneself

　　對自己；獨(dú)用

　　of oneself

　　自動地

　　by oneself

　　獨(dú)自地 (2) 動詞＋反身代詞

　　dress oneself

　　自己穿衣 make oneself at home 不要客氣 seat oneself=be seated 就坐 teach oneself 自學(xué) come to oneself 蘇醒 devote oneself to = be devoted to 致力于 enjoy oneself 過得愉快，玩得高興 help oneself to

　　自行取用，請自便 accustom oneself to=be accustomed to 習(xí)慣于 amuse oneself 消遣，自娛 behave oneself 表現(xiàn)良好 apply oneself to sth. 致力于 explain oneself 說明自己的意圖 express oneself 表達(dá)自己的思想 abandon oneself to 沉迷于，放縱 一、指示代詞 1. 指上文提到的事物，一般用that，有時也用this；指下文將要提到的事物，常用this或these。如：

　　He said I was lying, and that was unfair.

　　(that指代上文He said I was lying)

　　What I want you to remember is this：Practise makes perfect.

　　(此句中this指代下文，不能換為that) 2. that/those可作定語從句的先行詞，但

　　this/these不能；其中those可指人，但that

　　不能。如：

　　She has known that which she wanted to

　　know.

　　I admire those who are always helping

　　others.

　　(those作定語從句的先行詞，指人) 二、相互代詞 相互代詞是表示相互關(guān)系的代詞，只有each other和one another兩個詞組，都表示“互相，相互”。 1. each other和one another在句中可以作動詞或

　　介詞的賓語。如：

　　Let’s help each other and learn from each

　　other.

　　They looked at one another and laughed. 2. 作定語時each other和one another須用

　　所有格，表示“彼此的”。如：

　　We said hello to one another’s/each

　　other’s family. 三、疑問代詞 1. 疑問代詞后接-ever的用法。 (1) whatever/whoever/whomever/whichever

　　表泛指，意為“無論……”。如：

　　You have our support, whatever you

　　decide.

　　Whichever of you gets here first will get

　　the prize.

　　I don’t want to see them, whoever they

　　are. (2) 置于疑問代詞后，用于加強(qiáng)語氣。如：

　　Whatever do you mean?

　　Whoever heard of such a thing! 2. 疑問代詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式要由所代表的人或事

　　物的單復(fù)數(shù)形式來確定，如果不清楚代表的

　　人或物是復(fù)數(shù)還是單數(shù)，則謂語動詞多用單

　　數(shù)形式。who/what/which作主語時，謂語動

　　詞既可以用單數(shù)形式，也可以用復(fù)數(shù)形式。

　　如：

　　What he needs most is his mother’s love.

　　What we need are good books. 一、復(fù)合不定代詞 1. 修飾不定代詞的形容詞應(yīng)后置。

　　e.g. Is there anything wrong with my car? 2. 復(fù)合不定代詞作主語時，謂語動詞往往用

　　第三人稱單數(shù)形式。 3. 復(fù)合不定代詞構(gòu)成的固定短語：

　　anything but根本不，一點(diǎn)也不

　　nothing but只不過

　　do nothing but

　　只有，除……之外什么事也不做

　　have something/nothing to do with

　　與……有/無關(guān)

　　something of有點(diǎn)，有幾分 二、全部否定與部分否定 由some和any構(gòu)成的不定代詞的用法與some和any的用法基本一致。all, both, everyone, everybody, everything以及“every＋名詞”都表示全部肯定；no one, none, nobody, nothing, not...any以及“no＋名詞”都表示全部否定； 但當(dāng)not出現(xiàn)在含有全部肯定的不定代詞的句子中，不管not在它們之前還是在它們之后都表示部分否定。此外not與總括性副詞如everywhere, always, wholly, altogether等連用時也表示部分否定。 e.g. All of the boys are clever, but none of

　　them can work out this problem. (all表示

　　全部肯定，none表示全部否定)

　　Such a thing can’t be found everywhere.

　　(“not＋everywhere”表示部分否定)

　　The exam is very easy, but not all of the

　　students can pass it.

　　(“not＋all”表示部分否定) 三、both, either, neither, each, all, none

　　both表示兩者都，具有肯定含義；either表示兩者中的任何一個；neither表示兩者都不；each表示兩者或兩者以上的每一個；all表示全部，指三者或三者以上的人或物，也可籠統(tǒng)地表示“一切，所有”；none表示三者或三者以上的人或物的全部否定，與of連用或用來回答how many / much的提問。 【考例】It’s an either-or situation — we can buy a new car this year or we can go on holiday but we can’t do _____.?

　　A. others ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? B. either C. another???? ?????????????????D. both D 四、another, other, the other, others, the others another泛指三者或三者以上的人或物中不確定的另一個；other表示“另外的人/物，別的人/物”；the other指兩者中的另一個；others = other +名詞，泛指“別的人或物”；the others指“一定范圍內(nèi)其余的人或物”，如果被指代的名詞是不可數(shù)名詞，則用the rest。 【考例】In some countries, people eat with chopsticks, while in _____, knives and forks.? A. another ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?B. others

　　C. both??? ???????????????????? D. all

　　B

　　一、it作人稱代詞 在特定的環(huán)境中，it也可指人，如指嬰兒、性別不詳或身份不明的人。 e.g. The baby stopped crying as soon as it

　　saw the woman.

　　—Who is it?

　　—It’s me. 二、it作形式主語或形式賓語 it可以作形式主語或形式賓語而把真正的主語或賓語后置。 1. 用it作形式主語的主語從句結(jié)構(gòu) (1) It＋系動詞＋形容詞＋that從句 It is necessary/important/surprising/strange ＋that從句，從句中謂語動詞常用“should＋動詞原形”形式，且should可省略。 (2) It＋系動詞＋名詞＋that從句 It is a pity/a shame/good news/a fact/an honour/a wonder/no wonder/our duty＋that從句。 e.g. It’s no wonder that you’ve achieved so

　　much success.

　　(3) It＋不及物動詞＋that從句 It seems/happened/turned out /occurs/ appears＋that從句。 e.g. It happened that he was out when I called

　　on him. (4) It＋系動詞＋過去分詞＋that從句 It is said/reported/announced/believed/ thought/well known/hoped/pointed out/ found out/suggested/ordered/advised/ requested/insisted/required/demanded＋that從句。 e.g. It’s said that they have succeeded in

　　carrying out this experiment. 【注意】在“It is suggested/advised/ordered/ requested/insisted/required/demanded＋that從句”結(jié)構(gòu)中，從句要用虛擬語氣，即謂語動詞用“should＋動詞原形”，should可省略。 e.g. It is suggested that you (should) spend

　　more time in studying English. (5) 其他句型，如It doesn’t matter.../It

　　makes no difference...等。 e.g. It doesn’t matter what you wear, as

　　long as you look neat and tidy.

　　It makes no difference to me whether

　　you go or not. 2. it作形式賓語的情況 (1)動詞find, feel, think, consider, make, believe

　　等后有賓語補(bǔ)足語時，則需要用it作形式賓

　　語，把作為真正賓語的that從句后置。 e.g. We make it a rule that we get up at six

　　every day.

　　We all think it important that we should

　　protect the environment from being

　　polluted. (2) 有些動詞接賓語從句時，需在動詞和從

　　句間加it。這些動詞有：hate, appreciate,

　　take, owe, have等。 e.g. I take it that you will agree with us. (3) “動詞＋介詞＋it＋that”結(jié)構(gòu)。常見的有

　　see to, depend on, rely on等。 e.g. I will see to it that everything is ready on

　　time. 【注意】在連詞than和as引導(dǎo)的比較狀語從句中常常省略從句，只保留人稱代詞，人稱代詞作主語時要用主格，在口語中也常用賓格；但當(dāng)人稱代詞后有動詞時就必須用主格。如： My sister speaks English as well as me/I. (口語中常用me) My sister speaks English as well as I do. (此時只能用I) 二、物主代詞 1．物主代詞分為形容詞性物主代詞和名詞性物主代詞，必須與所指的名詞在人稱、數(shù)和性別方面保持一致。如： The waiters offered their food to the homeless man. 【注意】單數(shù)陽性名詞和單數(shù)陰性名詞連用作主語時，如果前面有every，each修飾，謂語動詞用單數(shù)，代詞用his。如： 2. 形容詞性物主代詞相當(dāng)于形容詞，只能作

　　名詞或動名詞的定語。 e.g. This is our classroom.

　　Would you mind my opening the

　　window? Each boy and each girl wants to lend his raincoat to the soldiers. 3. 名詞性物主代詞相當(dāng)于“形容詞性物主代詞＋名詞”，可單獨(dú)作主語、賓語、表語。此外，名詞性物主代詞還可與名詞及of連用，構(gòu)成雙重所有格。如： This is her coat. Mine is over there. Some friends of mine will attend my birthday party.

　　三、反身代詞 1. 反身代詞通常在enjoy, teach, hurt, buy,

　　introduce, seat, dress, express, amuse,

　　behave等動詞和by, for, to, of等介詞后作賓語。如：

　　He was left at home by himself the whole day yesterday.

　　2. 反身代詞可以作主語的同位語，主要起加強(qiáng)

　　語氣的作用，意為“親自，本人，親身”。

　　e.g. The teacher and pupils mended the road

　　themselves.

　　3. 反身代詞可以在be, feel, look, seem等系動詞

　　后作表語，表示身體或精神狀態(tài)處于正常。

　　e.g. —You look pale. What’s wrong with you?

　　—I’m not feeling myself today, not

　　serious, though.

　　注意(1)反身代詞本身不能單獨(dú)作主語。 (正) I myself drove the car.　我自己開車。 (誤) Myself drove the car. (2) 在由and, or, nor連接的并列主語中，第

　　二個主語可用反身代詞，特別是myself

　　作主語。

　　e.g. Charles and myself saw it.

　　(3) 在不強(qiáng)調(diào)的情況下，but, except, for等介

　　詞后賓語用反身代詞或人稱代詞均可。

　　e.g. No one but myself/me is hurt. 4. 反身代詞的習(xí)慣搭配

　　介詞+反身代詞

　　for oneself

　　為自己；親自地

　　to oneself

　　對自己；獨(dú)用

　　of oneself

　　自動地

　　by oneself

　　獨(dú)自地 (2) 動詞＋反身代詞

　　dress oneself

　　自己穿衣 make oneself at home 不要客氣 seat oneself=be seated 就坐 teach oneself 自學(xué) come to oneself 蘇醒 devote oneself to = be devoted to 致力于 enjoy oneself 過得愉快，玩得高興 help oneself to

　　自行取用，請自便 accustom oneself to=be accustomed to 習(xí)慣于 amuse oneself 消遣，自娛 behave oneself 表現(xiàn)良好 apply oneself to sth. 致力于 explain oneself 說明自己的意圖 express oneself 表達(dá)自己的思想 abandon oneself to 沉迷于，放縱 一、指示代詞 1. 指上文提到的事物，一般用that，有時也用this；指下文將要提到的事物，常用this或these。如：

　　He said I was lying, and that was unfair.

　　(that指代上文He said I was lying)

　　What I want you to remember is this：Practise makes perfect.

　　(此句中this指代下文，不能換為that) 2. that/those可作定語從句的先行詞，但

　　this/these不能；其中those可指人，但that

　　不能。如：

　　She has known that which she wanted to

　　know.

　　I admire those who are always helping

　　others.

　　(those作定語從句的先行詞，指人) 二、相互代詞 相互代詞是表示相互關(guān)系的代詞，只有each other和one another兩個詞組，都表示“互相，相互”。 1. each other和one another在句中可以作動詞或

　　介詞的賓語。如：

　　Let’s help each other and learn from each

　　other.

　　They looked at one another and laughed. 2. 作定語時each other和one another須用

　　所有格，表示“彼此的”。如：

　　We said hello to one another’s/each

　　other’s family. 三、疑問代詞 1. 疑問代詞后接-ever的用法。 (1) whatever/whoever/whomever/whichever

　　表泛指，意為“無論……”。如：

　　You have our support, whatever you

　　decide.

　　Whichever of you gets here first will get

　　the prize.

　　I don’t want to see them, whoever they

　　are. (2) 置于疑問代詞后，用于加強(qiáng)語氣。如：

　　Whatever do you mean?

　　Whoever heard of such a thing! 2. 疑問代詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式要由所代表的人或事

　　物的單復(fù)數(shù)形式來確定，如果不清楚代表的

　　人或物是復(fù)數(shù)還是單數(shù)，則謂語動詞多用單

　　數(shù)形式。who/what/which作主語時，謂語動

　　詞既可以用單數(shù)形式，也可以用復(fù)數(shù)形式。

　　如：

　　What he needs most is his mother’s love.

　　What we need are good books. 一、復(fù)合不定代詞 1. 修飾不定代詞的形容詞應(yīng)后置。

　　e.g. Is there anything wrong with my car? 2. 復(fù)合不定代詞作主語時，謂語動詞往往用

　　第三人稱單數(shù)形式。 3. 復(fù)合不定代詞構(gòu)成的固定短語：

　　anything but根本不，一點(diǎn)也不

　　nothing but只不過

　　do nothing but

　　只有，除……之外什么事也不做

　　have something/nothing to do with

　　與……有/無關(guān)

　　something of有點(diǎn)，有幾分 二、全部否定與部分否定 由some和any構(gòu)成的不定代詞的用法與some和any的用法基本一致。all, both, everyone, everybody, everything以及“every＋名詞”都表示全部肯定；no one, none, nobody, nothing, not...any以及“no＋名詞”都表示全部否定； 但當(dāng)not出現(xiàn)在含有全部肯定的不定代詞的句子中，不管not在它們之前還是在它們之后都表示部分否定。此外not與總括性副詞如everywhere, always, wholly, altogether等連用時也表示部分否定。 e.g. All of the boys are clever, but none of

　　them can work out this problem. (all表示

　　全部肯定，none表示全部否定)

　　Such a thing can’t be found everywhere.

　　(“not＋everywhere”表示部分否定)

　　The exam is very easy, but not all of the

　　students can pass it.

　　(“not＋all”表示部分否定) 三、both, either, neither, each, all, none

　　both表示兩者都，具有肯定含義；either表示兩者中的任何一個；neither表示兩者都不；each表示兩者或兩者以上的每一個；all表示全部，指三者或三者以上的人或物，也可籠統(tǒng)地表示“一切，所有”；none表示三者或三者以上的人或物的全部否定，與of連用或用來回答how many / much的提問。 【考例】It’s an either-or situation — we can buy a new car this year or we can go on holiday but we can’t do _____.?

　　A. others ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? B. either C. another???? ?????????????????D. both D 四、another, other, the other, others, the others another泛指三者或三者以上的人或物中不確定的另一個；other表示“另外的人/物，別的人/物”；the other指兩者中的另一個；others = other +名詞，泛指“別的人或物”；the others指“一定范圍內(nèi)其余的人或物”，如果被指代的名詞是不可數(shù)名詞，則用the rest。 【考例】In some countries, people eat with chopsticks, while in _____, knives and forks.? A. another ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?B. others

　　C. both??? ???????????????????? D. all

　　B