專題八

　　定語從句

　　一、概念

　　在復(fù)合句中，修飾名詞或代詞的從句稱為定語從句。

　　The old man who / whom / that we visited yesterday is a famous artist.

　　其中所飾名詞即the old man 稱為先行詞， 引導(dǎo)定語從句并在其中充當(dāng)句子一個成分的詞稱為關(guān)系詞(如上句中的who / whom / that)。關(guān)系詞的用法與選擇須考慮它在定語從句中的成分。下面分類講解它們的用法。

　　二、用法

　　定語從句常用引導(dǎo)詞有：that, which, who, whose, as, where, when, why。

　　1．that 指人或物，作主語或賓語 (作賓語可省略)

　　I like the books that were written by Lu Xun.

　　The student that won the first prize is our monitor.

　　2．which 指物，作主語或賓語 (作賓語可省略)

　　These are the trees which were planted last year.

　　Is this the library (which) you borrow books from?

　　3．who指人，作主語或賓語 (作賓語可省略)

　　The man who visited our school yesterday is Mr Brown.

　　He is the man who I want to work with.

　　4．whose 指人或物，作定語，表示“……的”，可轉(zhuǎn)換為“of ＋關(guān)系代詞”。

　　Miss Wang is taking care of the child whose parents have gone to Beijing.

　　I saw some trees whose leaves were black.

　　5．注意that和which的區(qū)別

　　(1)先行詞為不定代詞everything，little，much，all，anything，nothing, something, no, some, any, few, one等時，關(guān)系代詞只能用that。

　　We are willing to do anything that is good to the people.

　　(2)先行詞前有形容詞最高級修飾時，用that。

　　This is the best book (that) I've ever read.

　　(3)先行詞被序數(shù)詞或者the only(唯一的)，the very(正是那個)，the last修飾時，用that。

　　The first book that I read last night was an English novel.

　　(4)如果有兩個或兩個以上分別表示人和物的先行詞時，定語從句的關(guān)系代詞只能用that。

　　We know nothing about the doctors and the hospitals that you are talking about.

　　(5)以疑問詞(who, which, what)開頭的疑問句，為避免重復(fù)，用 that。

　　Which is the book that you borrowed from the library?

　　(6)關(guān)系代詞放在介詞之后，指物時只能用which，不能用that。

　　This is the factory in which we once worked.

　　(7)非限制性定語從句中，指代物或一種情況時，用which，不能用that。

　　This is the book, which is written by Lu Xun.

　　The baby was ill, which made the mother very worried.

　　6．關(guān)系副詞 when引導(dǎo)定語從句修飾表示時間的先行詞， 在定語從句中充當(dāng)時間狀語。

　　Next month, when you'll spend your summer holidays in your hometown, is approaching.

　　7．關(guān)系副詞where引導(dǎo)定語從句修飾表示地點的先行詞， 在定語從句中充當(dāng)?shù)攸c狀語。

　　She is going to live in Macao, where she has some close friends.

　　8．關(guān)系副詞why引導(dǎo)限定性定語從句修飾先行詞reason, 在定語從句中充當(dāng)原因狀語。

　　He didn't tell me the reason why he was so upset.

　　高考預(yù)測——限制性定語從句(介詞＋which / whom)

　　“介詞＋關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的定語從句是定語從句中較復(fù)雜的一種，是我們學(xué)習(xí)定語從句的重點，也是高考的常考點。這類定語從句的關(guān)系代詞主要有which和whom。先行詞是物時，用介詞＋ which；是人時，用介詞＋ whom。介詞后面的關(guān)系代詞不能省略。

　　1．注意介詞的選取：

　　(1)根據(jù)介詞和定語從句中謂語動詞的習(xí)慣搭配。

　　I called him by the wrong name, for which I should apologize.

　　Who is the man with whom you just shook hands?

　　(2)根據(jù)定語從句意思的需要，不但要注意其前的搭配也要注意其后的搭配。

　　We depend on the land from which we get our food.

　　Do you remember the day on which you joined our club?

　　(3)根據(jù)意思也可用復(fù)雜介詞，如：by means of，as a

　　result of，in front of，in the back of，all of，most of，none of，the taller of等。

　　He lived in a big house, in front of which stood a big tall tree.

　　There are forty students in the classroom, all of whom are working hard at a difficult problem in mathematics.

　　2．注意代詞的選取：

　　在“介詞＋關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的定語從句中，如果關(guān)系代詞指代事物就用which；如果指代人則用whom。

　　This is the reason for which he was put in prison.

　　Tom has three brothers, one of whom is a singer.

　　3．注意關(guān)系代詞的可替換性：

　　某些在從句中充當(dāng)時間、地點或原因狀語的“介詞＋關(guān)系代詞”結(jié)構(gòu)可以同關(guān)系副詞when、where和why互換。

　　This is the factory in which I once worked.(in which可where替換)

　　I have forgotten the exact date on which this country became independent.(on which可when替換)

　　4．注意“介詞＋ where”引導(dǎo)的定語從句：

　　有時我們可以見到“介詞＋ where”引導(dǎo)的定語從句，此時要和“介詞＋ which”引導(dǎo)的定語從句從意思上加以區(qū)別。

　　His head soon appeared out of the window, from where he saw nothing but trees.

　　They stood on the top of the building, from where they could see the whole city.

　　5．“復(fù)合介詞短語＋關(guān)系代詞which / whom”引導(dǎo)的定語從句作地點狀語，表示存在關(guān)系，定語從句主謂常需倒裝。

　　They arrived at a small house, in front of which sat a small boy.

　　I saw a man, on the head of whom stood a bird.

　　6．名詞＋ of which，或者of which ＋名詞，代替whose ＋名詞，在定語從句中作定語。

　　Recently I bought an ancient Chinese vase, the price of which( ＝ whose price) was very reasonable.

　　7．介詞＋ which (指物)/ whose (指人)＋名詞。該結(jié)構(gòu)中，只能用關(guān)系代詞which，不能用whom。which單獨起形容詞作用，修飾它后面的名詞。

　　He might be ill, in which case we can not wait for him.

　　The driver was the man from whose room she had stolen the maps.

　　高考真題探究（2006—2011年）

　　【2011全國卷I) 31】The prize will go to the writer ________ story shows the most imagination.

　　A. that

　　B. which

　　C. whose

　　D. what

　　C

　　【考點】考查定語從句。

　　【解析】本題主句中的先行詞writer和從句中的主語story有所屬關(guān)系，譯為作者的故事，因此選C。句子的意思是：我們的獎金會留給故事情節(jié)最富有想象力的作者。

　　2011全國卷II）7】Ted came for the weekend wearing only some shorts and a T-shirt, ______ is a stupid thing to do in such weather.

　　A. this

　　B. that

　　C. what

　　D. which

　　D

　　【考點】考查定語從句。

　　【解析】分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，該句為定語從句，首先排除A和C；根據(jù)空前的逗號可知，該句為非限制性定語扶句，排除B。該從句應(yīng)用which引導(dǎo)，which在從句中作主語，代指前麗的整個句子。

　　2011北京卷）26】Mary was much kinder to Jack than she was to the others, _________, of course, make all the others upset.

　　A. who

　　B. which

　　C. what

　　D. that

　　B

　　【考點】考查非限定性定語從句。

　　【解析】逗號后的非限定性定語從句中缺少主語，which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，指代整個主句部分的內(nèi)容。選擇which。

　　2011上海卷) 39】You’ll find taxis waiting at the bus station ____ you can hire to reach your host family.

　　A. which

　　B. where

　　C. when

　　D. as

　　A

　　【考點】考查定語從句。

　　【解析】先行詞為the bus station，從句中謂語動詞hire后差賓語，故用關(guān)系代詞which。

　　2011山東卷）32】The old town has narrow streets and small houses _____are built close to each other.

　　A. they

　　B. where

　　C. what

　　D. that

　　D

　　【考點】此題考察定語從句的引導(dǎo)詞。

　　【解析】關(guān)系代詞that代替先行詞small houses，在從句中作主語。句意為：這座古老的城鎮(zhèn)街道狹窄，小房子挨得很近。

　　2011江西卷）34】She showed the visitors around the museum, the construction _____had taken more than three years.

　　A. for which

　　B. with which

　　C. of which

　　D. to which

　　C

　　【考點】考察定語從句

　　【解析】先行詞為museum，在從句中充當(dāng)定語，博物館的建造工程花費了超過三年的時間。介詞用of。選C。

　　2011江蘇卷）24】Between the two parts of the concert is an interval, _______ the audience can buy ice-cream.

　　A. when

　　B. where

　　C. that

　　D. which

　　A

　　【考點】考查定語從句。

　　【解析】句意：音樂會的兩大構(gòu)成部分中間有幕間休息時間，在這段時間里觀眾可以去買冰激凌。When引導(dǎo)的定語從句修飾an interval，when在從句中作時間狀語。首先解析句子結(jié)構(gòu)，判斷從句類型，題干說“在音樂會中間有間歇，此時你可以買冰激凌。”題干的前半部分完整無缺，后半部分補充說明這個間歇你可以干的事，所以這是一個非限定性定語從句，先行詞為interval，非限定性定語從句的功能就是對先行詞進(jìn)行補充說明。由于從句部分不缺少主干成分，而且interval表時間，所以正確答案為A．

　　2011安徽卷）28】Whatever is left over may be put into the refrigerator, _____ it will keep for two or three weeks.

　　A. when

　　B. which

　　C. where

　　D. while

　　A

　　【考點】考查定語從句。

　　【解析】句意為：剩下的任何東西都可以放入冰箱，在那里可以保存兩三周。本題考查非限制性定語從句的關(guān)系副詞。由句型結(jié)構(gòu)可以看出，該題中的先行詞refrigerator在從句中作介詞的賓語，該介賓結(jié)構(gòu)在定語從句中作地點狀語，故選擇關(guān)系副詞where。when在從句中作時間狀語；which在從句中作主語或賓語；while是連詞，不能用于定語從句。

　　2011浙江卷）8】English is a language shared by several diverse cultures, each of ____ uses it somewhat differently.

　　A. which

　　B. what

　　C. them

　　D. those

　　A

　　【考點】考查定語從句。

　　【解析】本句中的先行詞是several diverse cultures，先行詞在從句中做each of的賓語，所有應(yīng)用關(guān)系代詞which。

　　2011浙江卷）10】A bank is the place ______ they lend you an umbrella in fair weather and ask for it back when it begins to rain.

　　A. when

　　B. that

　　C. where

　　D. there

　　C

　　【考點】考查定語從句。

　　【解析】本句中的先行詞是the place.，先行詞在定語從句中作地點狀語，所以應(yīng)該用關(guān)系副詞where。

　　2011福建卷）24】She has a gift for creating an atmosphere for her students ____ allows them to communicate freely with each other.

　　A. which

　　B. where

　　C. what

　　D. who

　　A

　　【考點】考查定語從句。

　　【解析】分析句子成分可知，an atmosphere與修飾它的定語從句被for her students隔開，該從句缺少主語，所以用which。

　　2011福建卷）33】It was April 29,2001

　　Prince William and Kate Middleton walked into the palace hall of the wedding ceremony.

　　A．that B．when C．since D．berore

　　B

　　【考點】考查定語從句。

　　【解析】去掉It was及that后，April 29，2011不可以單獨作時間狀語，所以不是強調(diào)句型。用when引導(dǎo)定語從句修飾April29，2011。

　　2011四川卷）17】The school shop,

　　________ customers are mainly students, is closed few the holidays.

　　A. which

　　B. whose

　　C. when

　　D. where

　　D

　　【考點】考查定語從句。

　　【解析】此處whose引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句修飾先行詞shop，在定語從句中作customers的定語。句意為“這個學(xué)校商店，——其主顧大多是學(xué)生，——因為放假就關(guān)門了。”

　　2011天津卷）10】The days are gone ________ physical strength was all you needed to make a living.

　　A. when

　　B. that

　　C. where

　　D. which

　　A

　　【考點】考察定語從句。

　　【解析】句意為：when引導(dǎo)定語從句修飾The day。are gone為插入語。句意為：全部靠體力掙錢謀生的時代已經(jīng)過去了。

　　2011陜西卷）11】I walked up to the top of the hill with my friend,

　　__________ we enjoyed a splendid view of the lake.

　　A. which

　　B. where

　　C. who

　　D. that

　　B

　　【考點】考查定語從句。

　　【解析】先行詞是hill，表地點，定語從句we enjoyed a splendid view of the lake .句子成分中缺少狀語，所以應(yīng)用關(guān)系副詞where。，答案選擇

　　2011湖南卷)25】Julie was good at German, French and Russian , all of _________ she spoke fluently.

　　A. who

　　B. whom

　　C. which

　　D. that

　　C

　　【考點】本題考察定語從句中復(fù)合關(guān)系代詞的用法。

　　【解析】介詞后只能使用的關(guān)系代詞是which, who, whose, 因為句子中關(guān)系詞指代是語言，故選C；句意：Julie擅長德語、法語和俄語，這三種語言她說得都很流利。

　　10福建〗Stephen Hawking believes that earth is unlikely to be the only planet

　　life has developed gradually.

　　A. that B. where C. which D. whose2

　　B

　　〖考點〗定語從句

　　〖解析〗先行詞為planet, 表示地點, 故用where。

　　10湖南〗I’ve become good friends with several of the students in my school

　　I met in the English speech contest last year.

　　A. who

　　B. where

　　C. when

　　D. which

　　A

　　〖考點〗考查定語從句。

　　〖解析〗該空引導(dǎo)定語從句修飾表示人的先行詞the students, 且在從句中作met的賓語, 故選關(guān)系代詞who, 即A項。

　　10江西〗The girl arranged to have piano lessons at the training centre with her sister ______ she would stay for an hour.

　　A where

　　B who

　　C which

　　D what

　　A