英語(yǔ)講義【83】容易犯錯(cuò)的形容詞從句
在三種英語(yǔ)從句中，名詞從句與副詞從句用得較多，錯(cuò)誤也較少。形容詞從句用得較少，但卻最易犯錯(cuò)，尤其是下列四種錯(cuò)法：
㈠重復(fù)形容詞中的賓語(yǔ)。例如：
*① The essay which John wrote it yesterday got a good grade.
*② Do you know the name of the man whom the police are looking for him?
在①里的形容詞從句中的it和②里的him都是重復(fù)的賓語(yǔ)，因?yàn)檫@兩個(gè)賓語(yǔ)已經(jīng)由關(guān)系代詞which和whom接管了。因此，it和him是多余的，必須去掉。
㈡關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞不對(duì)。例如：
*③ This is the dog who ate up the food.
*④ Do you know the time which we must resume work?
③里的關(guān)系代詞who和④里的which都錯(cuò)。③里的先行詞是一種動(dòng)物，關(guān)系代詞里which或that才對(duì)。④里的先行詞是時(shí)間，應(yīng)該用關(guān)系副詞when才可。
㈢形容詞從句修飾的對(duì)象不符。例如：
*⑤ Malcolm finished the work and then left the office which was well-planned.
這里的形容詞從句which was well-planned，應(yīng)該修飾名詞 the work，不是the office，因此犯了修飾的對(duì)象不符之錯(cuò)。最容易的改正方法，是使這個(gè)從句緊扣在先行詞the work后面，即：
⑥ Malcolm finished the work which was well-planned and then left the office.
這樣的改正雖然符合語(yǔ)法，但句子顯得頭重腳輕，失去平衡；對(duì)是對(duì)，但是不好。我建議重整從句，以臻既對(duì)且好之境。試比較 7（a）, （b）和（c）：
⑦a. Malcolm left the office after he had finished the work which was well-planned.
b. Malcolm left the office after having finished the work which was well-planned.
c. Malcolm finished the well-planned work and then left the office.
三句中，⑦（c）一氣呵成，短小精悍，是上選。此外，⑦（c）把形容詞從句節(jié)縮為合成形容詞（compound adjective），使句子簡(jiǎn)練有力。這點(diǎn)足以證明節(jié)縮句的好處。關(guān)于節(jié)縮方法，以后再談。在了解節(jié)縮法之前，千萬(wàn)不要隨便嘗試，以免犯錯(cuò)。例如： *⑧ A sentence is made up of a subject and a predicate is called a simple sentence.
⑧里的is made up of a subject and a predicate是形容詞從句which is made up of a subject and a predicate的節(jié)縮體，但是錯(cuò)了。
根據(jù)形容詞從句的縮略規(guī)則，如果形容詞從句是被動(dòng)式的話(huà)，就要把關(guān)系代詞和助動(dòng)詞be一齊去掉：
⑨ Do you like the man who was introduced to you yesterday? Do you like the man introduced to you yesterday?
⑩ Please fill in each of the blanks which are provided below. Please fill in each of the blanks provided below.
⑧里的關(guān)系代詞不見(jiàn)了，但是助動(dòng)詞is還在，莫怪整句讀起來(lái)，有點(diǎn)不順口；因此要改一改；
╆ A sentence made up of a subject and a predicate is called a simple sentence.
在三種英語(yǔ)從句中，名詞從句與副詞從句用得較多，錯(cuò)誤也較少。形容詞從句用得較少，但卻最易犯錯(cuò)，尤其是下列四種錯(cuò)法：
㈠重復(fù)形容詞中的賓語(yǔ)。例如：
*① The essay which John wrote it yesterday got a good grade.
*② Do you know the name of the man whom the police are looking for him?
在①里的形容詞從句中的it和②里的him都是重復(fù)的賓語(yǔ)，因?yàn)檫@兩個(gè)賓語(yǔ)已經(jīng)由關(guān)系代詞which和whom接管了。因此，it和him是多余的，必須去掉。
㈡關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞不對(duì)。例如：
*③ This is the dog who ate up the food.
*④ Do you know the time which we must resume work?
③里的關(guān)系代詞who和④里的which都錯(cuò)。③里的先行詞是一種動(dòng)物，關(guān)系代詞里which或that才對(duì)。④里的先行詞是時(shí)間，應(yīng)該用關(guān)系副詞when才可。
㈢形容詞從句修飾的對(duì)象不符。例如：
*⑤ Malcolm finished the work and then left the office which was well-planned.
這里的形容詞從句which was well-planned，應(yīng)該修飾名詞 the work，不是the office，因此犯了修飾的對(duì)象不符之錯(cuò)。最容易的改正方法，是使這個(gè)從句緊扣在先行詞the work后面，即：
⑥ Malcolm finished the work which was well-planned and then left the office.
這樣的改正雖然符合語(yǔ)法，但句子顯得頭重腳輕，失去平衡；對(duì)是對(duì)，但是不好。我建議重整從句，以臻既對(duì)且好之境。試比較 7（a）, （b）和（c）：
⑦a. Malcolm left the office after he had finished the work which was well-planned.
b. Malcolm left the office after having finished the work which was well-planned.
c. Malcolm finished the well-planned work and then left the office.
三句中，⑦（c）一氣呵成，短小精悍，是上選。此外，⑦（c）把形容詞從句節(jié)縮為合成形容詞（compound adjective），使句子簡(jiǎn)練有力。這點(diǎn)足以證明節(jié)縮句的好處。關(guān)于節(jié)縮方法，以后再談。在了解節(jié)縮法之前，千萬(wàn)不要隨便嘗試，以免犯錯(cuò)。例如： *⑧ A sentence is made up of a subject and a predicate is called a simple sentence.
⑧里的is made up of a subject and a predicate是形容詞從句which is made up of a subject and a predicate的節(jié)縮體，但是錯(cuò)了。
根據(jù)形容詞從句的縮略規(guī)則，如果形容詞從句是被動(dòng)式的話(huà)，就要把關(guān)系代詞和助動(dòng)詞be一齊去掉：
⑨ Do you like the man who was introduced to you yesterday? Do you like the man introduced to you yesterday?
⑩ Please fill in each of the blanks which are provided below. Please fill in each of the blanks provided below.
⑧里的關(guān)系代詞不見(jiàn)了，但是助動(dòng)詞is還在，莫怪整句讀起來(lái)，有點(diǎn)不順口；因此要改一改；
╆ A sentence made up of a subject and a predicate is called a simple sentence.
