111. The following appeared in a memo from the vice president of marketing at Dura-Sock, Inc.

　　A recent study of Dura-Sock wearers suggests that our company is wasting the money it spends on its patented Endure manufacturing process, which ensures that our socks are strong enough to last for two years. Dura-Sock has always advertised its use of the Endure process, but the new study shows that the average Dura-Sock customer actually purchases new Dura-Socks every three months. Furthermore, Dura-Sock customers surveyed in our largest market, northeastern United States cities, say that they most value Dura-Socks stylish appearance and availability in many colors. These findings suggest that Dura-Sock can increase its profits by discontinuing its use of the Endure manufacturing process.

　　In this argument, the arguer concludes that Dura-Sock could increase its profits by discontinuing its use of the Endure manufacturing process. To support this argument, the arguer cites the result of a survey in their largest market which says that the customers of this market buy Dura-Socks socks because of the stylish appearance and availability in many colors. In addition, the arguer reasons that average Dura-Sock customer actually purchases new Dura-Socks every three months. Unfortunately, a careful and thorough analysis reveals several logical fallacies.

　　First of all, the new study serving as evidence for this argument that the average Dura-Sock customer purchases new Dura-Socks every three months is not sufficient to support this argument. Buying the socks every three months does not mean that these customers would throw away their previous socks after being worn for three months. Probably, they would continue wearing their previous socks along with the new ones. What is more, buying new socks frequently does not say that the customers are not concerned about the endurance of the socks. Maybe, it is the long-enduring of the socks attracts the customers first, and then they come to buy it.

　　In addition, the survey conducted in their largest market suffers from several problems and does not hold strong support to this argument. Nothing of the particular procedure of how this survey is conducted and how many people are questioned and the sex propotion are provided in this argument. So, it is absolutely reasonable for us to doubt the credibility of the survey. Probably, the respondents of this survey are mainly composed by yang women, consequently the men and the elders are ignored, causing these respondents could not represent all customers and the result reached from this survey is doubtful. Furthermore, granted that this survey is essentially convincing, we could not conclude that the customers only care about the appearance and diverse colors of the socks regardless of its endurance. If so, they could turn for other brand of socks, maybe other brand of socks are more beautiful and possess more colors than ours. But, these customers are more willing to buy our socks; maybe, it is the endurance of our socks that attracts them and hold them..

　　Moreover, Dura-sock may not profit more if it gives up the endurance of its socks. Maybe, the endurance is Dura-Socks unique character, which makes it popular among customers and attracts more and more customers as well. If it gives up the endurance, they may lose many customers as well, which would thread its profits.

　　In sum, it is not a wise choice for Dura-Sock to give up the endurance of its socks. To strength this argument, the arguer bears the responsibility to provide more evidence to verify the conclusion that giving up the endurance of its socks could necessarily increase its profits.

　　91. The following appeared in an article in Supplements Today.

　　Dieticians have long known that professional athletes who eat a lot of nuts have higher levels of endurance than those who do not. Researchers have recently discovered that the particular combination of vitamin N and fiber found in some nuts provides a boost for those who participate in strenuous physical activities daily. Both vitamin N and fiber supplements are easily synthesized and widely available. As a result, all those who participate in athletic activities will be able to increase their endurance and win more games by taking vitamin N along with a fiber supplement.

　　1.某種維生素N和纖維德組合有用，但不代表分別服用就有用。也不是所有組合都有用。

　　2.有更高耐力的運動員可能是訓練認真，身體好，不一定是堅果在起作用。就算是，也不一定是堅果中的維生素和纖維的作用，可能是其他成分。也不能保證運動員吃的堅果里都含有V N ，研究只是說一些堅果里有蓋成分。

　　3.采用這個方法的有效性。贏得比賽還有其他因素：技術水平，比賽策略等。

　　4 也不能排除是vitaminN fiber 和其它成分的同事參與。

　　5該研究的可信度低，沒有提供任何證據。

　　6也許根本就不是堅果的作用，而是吃了其他東西，而作者沒有排除這種可能。

　　In this argument ,the arguer claims that all athletes could win more games just by taking vitamin N along with a fiber supplement .To support this argument ,the arguer cites the recent discovery that the particular combination of vitamin N and fiber found in some nuts provides a boost for those who participate in strenuous physical activities daily .Unfortunately ,a careful and thorough analysis reveals several logical fallacies .

　　First of all ,the particular combination of vitamin N and fiber may could increase the athletes endurance .But there is no guarantee that eating them separately could also make effects .Moreover ,probably ,it is not the result of taking nuts but something other which the arguer ignores .Unless the arguer present more proofs ,otherwise ,we could not be convinced .

　　In addition ,the arguer fails to rule out other possibilities which could increase the athletes endurance as well ,and takes for granted that it is the vitamin N and fiber leading the increase of endurance ,but this argument is not sufficient to substantiate that this is the case .Probably ,the long-endurance athletes possess a stronger constitution and a healthy psychological quality ,which makes them look endurant .And the arguer fails to inform that the nuts eaten by athletes must contain vitamin N and fiber and the discovery cited in this argument could only tell us that some nuts not all contain vitamin N and fiber ,Therefore ,it is absolutely possible that it is not relevant to the vitamin N and fiber essentially .However ,granted that it is the contribution of the nuts ,it maybe some other ingredients other than the vitamin N and fiber .

　　Furthermore ,the arguer hastily generalizes that all athletes could win more games just taking the vitamin N and fiber .Probably it could do work to increase the endurance of athletes ,but winning a game is not just a matter of endurance .Maybe ,the psychological quality ,skill and experience should be also taken into account to predict a games success or failure .

　　To sum up ,taking into account all these flaws discussed above and all its dimensions ,a clear understanding of this argument could lead us to safely drawing that this argument is lack of credible supports and even invalid and misleading .To strengthen this argument ,the arguer bears the responsibility to provide more evidence to justify the claim that taking vitamin N and fiber could increase the athletes endurance and therefore win more games .

　　111. The following appeared in a memo from the vice president of marketing at Dura-Sock, Inc.

　　A recent study of Dura-Sock wearers suggests that our company is wasting the money it spends on its patented Endure manufacturing process, which ensures that our socks are strong enough to last for two years. Dura-Sock has always advertised its use of the Endure process, but the new study shows that the average Dura-Sock customer actually purchases new Dura-Socks every three months. Furthermore, Dura-Sock customers surveyed in our largest market, northeastern United States cities, say that they most value Dura-Socks stylish appearance and availability in many colors. These findings suggest that Dura-Sock can increase its profits by discontinuing its use of the Endure manufacturing process.

　　In this argument, the arguer concludes that Dura-Sock could increase its profits by discontinuing its use of the Endure manufacturing process. To support this argument, the arguer cites the result of a survey in their largest market which says that the customers of this market buy Dura-Socks socks because of the stylish appearance and availability in many colors. In addition, the arguer reasons that average Dura-Sock customer actually purchases new Dura-Socks every three months. Unfortunately, a careful and thorough analysis reveals several logical fallacies.

　　First of all, the new study serving as evidence for this argument that the average Dura-Sock customer purchases new Dura-Socks every three months is not sufficient to support this argument. Buying the socks every three months does not mean that these customers would throw away their previous socks after being worn for three months. Probably, they would continue wearing their previous socks along with the new ones. What is more, buying new socks frequently does not say that the customers are not concerned about the endurance of the socks. Maybe, it is the long-enduring of the socks attracts the customers first, and then they come to buy it.

　　In addition, the survey conducted in their largest market suffers from several problems and does not hold strong support to this argument. Nothing of the particular procedure of how this survey is conducted and how many people are questioned and the sex propotion are provided in this argument. So, it is absolutely reasonable for us to doubt the credibility of the survey. Probably, the respondents of this survey are mainly composed by yang women, consequently the men and the elders are ignored, causing these respondents could not represent all customers and the result reached from this survey is doubtful. Furthermore, granted that this survey is essentially convincing, we could not conclude that the customers only care about the appearance and diverse colors of the socks regardless of its endurance. If so, they could turn for other brand of socks, maybe other brand of socks are more beautiful and possess more colors than ours. But, these customers are more willing to buy our socks; maybe, it is the endurance of our socks that attracts them and hold them..

　　Moreover, Dura-sock may not profit more if it gives up the endurance of its socks. Maybe, the endurance is Dura-Socks unique character, which makes it popular among customers and attracts more and more customers as well. If it gives up the endurance, they may lose many customers as well, which would thread its profits.

　　In sum, it is not a wise choice for Dura-Sock to give up the endurance of its socks. To strength this argument, the arguer bears the responsibility to provide more evidence to verify the conclusion that giving up the endurance of its socks could necessarily increase its profits.

　　91. The following appeared in an article in Supplements Today.

　　Dieticians have long known that professional athletes who eat a lot of nuts have higher levels of endurance than those who do not. Researchers have recently discovered that the particular combination of vitamin N and fiber found in some nuts provides a boost for those who participate in strenuous physical activities daily. Both vitamin N and fiber supplements are easily synthesized and widely available. As a result, all those who participate in athletic activities will be able to increase their endurance and win more games by taking vitamin N along with a fiber supplement.

　　1.某種維生素N和纖維德組合有用，但不代表分別服用就有用。也不是所有組合都有用。

　　2.有更高耐力的運動員可能是訓練認真，身體好，不一定是堅果在起作用。就算是，也不一定是堅果中的維生素和纖維的作用，可能是其他成分。也不能保證運動員吃的堅果里都含有V N ，研究只是說一些堅果里有蓋成分。

　　3.采用這個方法的有效性。贏得比賽還有其他因素：技術水平，比賽策略等。

　　4 也不能排除是vitaminN fiber 和其它成分的同事參與。

　　5該研究的可信度低，沒有提供任何證據。

　　6也許根本就不是堅果的作用，而是吃了其他東西，而作者沒有排除這種可能。

　　In this argument ,the arguer claims that all athletes could win more games just by taking vitamin N along with a fiber supplement .To support this argument ,the arguer cites the recent discovery that the particular combination of vitamin N and fiber found in some nuts provides a boost for those who participate in strenuous physical activities daily .Unfortunately ,a careful and thorough analysis reveals several logical fallacies .

　　First of all ,the particular combination of vitamin N and fiber may could increase the athletes endurance .But there is no guarantee that eating them separately could also make effects .Moreover ,probably ,it is not the result of taking nuts but something other which the arguer ignores .Unless the arguer present more proofs ,otherwise ,we could not be convinced .

　　In addition ,the arguer fails to rule out other possibilities which could increase the athletes endurance as well ,and takes for granted that it is the vitamin N and fiber leading the increase of endurance ,but this argument is not sufficient to substantiate that this is the case .Probably ,the long-endurance athletes possess a stronger constitution and a healthy psychological quality ,which makes them look endurant .And the arguer fails to inform that the nuts eaten by athletes must contain vitamin N and fiber and the discovery cited in this argument could only tell us that some nuts not all contain vitamin N and fiber ,Therefore ,it is absolutely possible that it is not relevant to the vitamin N and fiber essentially .However ,granted that it is the contribution of the nuts ,it maybe some other ingredients other than the vitamin N and fiber .

　　Furthermore ,the arguer hastily generalizes that all athletes could win more games just taking the vitamin N and fiber .Probably it could do work to increase the endurance of athletes ,but winning a game is not just a matter of endurance .Maybe ,the psychological quality ,skill and experience should be also taken into account to predict a games success or failure .

　　To sum up ,taking into account all these flaws discussed above and all its dimensions ,a clear understanding of this argument could lead us to safely drawing that this argument is lack of credible supports and even invalid and misleading .To strengthen this argument ,the arguer bears the responsibility to provide more evidence to justify the claim that taking vitamin N and fiber could increase the athletes endurance and therefore win more games .