四六級猜詞技巧
在大學(xué)英語四六及考試中,我們不可避免的會遇到一些生詞。因為每個詞與它前后的詞語或句子甚至段落有著互相制約的關(guān)系,所以我們可以利用語境(各種已知信息)推測、判斷某些生詞的詞義。猜測詞義時,可利用以下線索: 一、 針對性解釋 針對性解釋是作者為了更好的表達(dá)思想,在文章中對一些重要的概念、難懂的術(shù)語或詞匯等所作的解釋。這些解釋提供的信息具有明確的針對性,利用它們猜詞義比較容易。 1. 根據(jù)生詞的定義猜測詞義。如果生詞是句子或段落所解釋的定義,理解句子或段落本身就是推斷詞義。例如:Anthropology is the scientific study of man. 由定義可知,anthropology就是研究人類的科學(xué)。In slang the term jam constitutes a state of being in which a person finds himself or herself in a difficult situation. 同樣,從上下文的定義可知jam一詞在俚語中的意思是困境。定義句的謂語動詞多為:be, mean, deal with, be considered, to be, refer to, be called, be known as, define, represent, signify, constitute等。 2. 根據(jù)復(fù)述猜測詞義。雖然復(fù)述不如定義那樣嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)、詳細(xì),但是提供的信息足以使閱讀者猜出生詞詞義。 復(fù)述部分可以是適當(dāng)?shù)脑~匯、短語或是從句。同位語Semantics, the study of the meaning of words, is necessary if you are to speak and read intelligently.此例逗號中短語意為對詞意義進(jìn)行研究的學(xué)科。該短語與前面生詞semantics是同位語關(guān)系,因此我們不難猜出semantics指語義學(xué)。在復(fù)述中構(gòu)成同位關(guān)系的兩部分之間多用逗號連接,有時也使用破折號,冒號,分 號,引號,和括號等。Capacitance, or the ability to store electric charge, is one of the most common characteristics of electronic circuits.由同位語我們很快猜出生詞capacitance詞義---電容量。需要注意的是:同位語前還常有or, similarly, that is to say, in other words, namely, or other, say,i.e. 等副詞或短語出現(xiàn)。定語從句Krabacber suffers from SAD, which is short for seasonal affective disorder, a syndrome characterized by severe seasonal mood swings.根據(jù)生詞SAD后面定語從句which is short for seasonal affective disorder和同位語a syndrome characterized by severe seasonal mood swings, 我們可以推斷出SAD含義,即季節(jié)性情緒紊亂癥。根據(jù)舉例猜測詞義恰當(dāng)?shù)呐e例能夠提供猜測生詞的重要線索,例如:The consequences of epochal events such as wars and great scientific discoveries are not confined to a small geographical area as they were in the past.句中戰(zhàn)爭和重大科學(xué)發(fā)現(xiàn)是生詞的實例,通過它們我們可以猜出epochal的 大致詞義重要的,這與其確切含義劃時代的十分接近。 二 內(nèi)在邏輯關(guān)系。根據(jù)內(nèi)在邏輯關(guān)系推測詞義是指運(yùn)用語言知識分析和判斷相關(guān)信息之間存在的邏輯關(guān)系,然后根據(jù)邏輯關(guān)系推斷生詞詞義或大致義域。 1.根據(jù)對比關(guān)系猜測詞義。在一個句子或段落中,有對兩個事物或現(xiàn)象進(jìn)行對比性的描述,我們可以根據(jù)生詞或難詞的反義詞猜測其詞義。例如:Andrew is one of the most supercilious men I know. His brother, in contrast, is quite humble and modest.該例中supercilious對許多人來說可能是個生詞,但是句中短語in contrast,(相對照的,相對比的)可以提示我們supercilious和后面詞組humble and modest(謙卑又謙虛)是對比關(guān)系。分析出這種關(guān)系后,我們便能猜出supercilious意為目空一切的,傲慢的。表示對比關(guān)系的詞匯和短語主要是unlike,not,but,however,despite,in spite of,in contrast 和while 引導(dǎo)的并列句等。A good supervisor can recognize instantly the adept workers from the unskilled ones.該句中并未出現(xiàn)上面提到的表示對比關(guān)系的詞或短語,但是通過上下文可以判斷出句子前后是對比關(guān)系,即把熟練工人與非熟練工人區(qū)分開。這時我們也能夠推斷出生詞adept的詞義,熟練的。 2.根據(jù)比較關(guān)系猜測詞義。同對比關(guān)系相反,比較關(guān)系表示意義上的相似關(guān)系,例如:Green loves to talk,and his brothers are similarly loquacious.該句中副詞similarly表明短語loves to talk與生詞loquacious之間的比較關(guān)系。以此可以推斷出loquacious詞義為健談的。表示比較關(guān)系的詞和短語主要是similarly,like,just as,also等。 3.根據(jù)因果關(guān)系猜測詞義。在句子或段落種,若兩個事物、現(xiàn)象之間構(gòu)成因果關(guān)系,我們可以根據(jù)這種邏輯關(guān)系推知生詞詞義。例如:Tom is considered an autocratic administrator because he makes decisions without seeking the opinions of others.根據(jù)原因狀語從句的內(nèi)容,我們可以推斷出生詞autocratic指獨(dú)斷專行的。There were so many demonstrators in the Red Square that he had to elbow his way through the crowd.此句為結(jié)果狀語從句,根據(jù)從句的描書許多示威者,我們便可推知elbow的詞意擠,擠過。 4.根據(jù)同義詞的替代關(guān)系猜測詞義.在句子或段落種,我們可以利用熟悉的詞語,根據(jù)語言環(huán)境推斷生詞詞義。例如:Although he often had the opportunity, Mr. Tritt was never able to steal money from a customer. This would have endangered his position at the bank, and he did not want to jeopardize his future.作者為避免重復(fù)使用endanger一詞,用其同義詞jeopardize來替代它,由此推知其詞義為使. . . 陷入危險,危及、危害。Doctors believe that smoking cigarettes is detrimental to your health. They also regard drinking as harmful.句中detrimental是個生詞,但判斷出harmful替代detrimental后,不難推斷出其詞義為不利的,有害的。 三 外部相關(guān)因素。外部相關(guān)因素是指篇章以外的其他知識。有時僅靠分析篇章內(nèi)在邏輯關(guān)系無法猜出詞義。這時,就需要運(yùn)用生活經(jīng)驗和普通常識確定詞義。例如:Husband:Its really cold out tonight. Wife: Sure it is. My hands are practically numb. How about lighting the furnace? 根據(jù)生活經(jīng)驗,天氣寒冷時,手肯定是凍僵的,凍得麻木的。The snake slithered through the grass.根據(jù)有關(guān)蛇的生活習(xí)性的知識,我們可以推斷出slither詞義為爬行。在猜測詞義過程中,除了使用上面提到的一些技巧,我們還可以依靠構(gòu)詞方面的知識,從生詞本身猜測詞義。 1.根據(jù)前綴猜測詞義。例如:He fell into a ditch and lay there, semiconscious, for a few minutes.根據(jù)詞根conscious(清醒的,有意識的),結(jié)合前綴semi(半,部分的,不完全的), 我們便可猜出semiconscious詞義半清醒的,半昏迷的。Im illiterate about such things.詞根literate意為有文化修養(yǎng)的,通曉的,前綴il表示否定,因此illiterate指一竅不通,不知道的。 2.根據(jù)后綴猜測詞義 例如:Insecticide is applied where it is needed.后綴cide表示殺者,殺滅劑,結(jié)合大家熟悉的詞根insect(昆蟲),不難猜出insecticide意為殺蟲劑。Then the vapor may change into droplets.后綴let表示小的,詞根drop指滴,滴狀物。將兩個意思結(jié)合起來,便可推斷出droplet詞義小滴,微滴。 3.根據(jù)復(fù)合詞的各部分猜測詞義例如:Growing economic problems were highlighted by a slowdown in oil output. Hightlight或許是一個生詞,但是分析該詞結(jié)構(gòu)后,就能推測出其含義。它是由high(高的,強(qiáng)的)和light(光線)兩部分組成,合在一起便是以強(qiáng)光照射,使突出的意思。Bullfight is very popular in Spain. Bull(公牛)和fight(打,搏斗)結(jié)合在一起,指一種在西班牙頗為流行的體育運(yùn)動---斗牛。 綜上所述,利用各種已知信息推測、判斷詞義是一項重要的閱讀技巧。在實踐中,我 們可以靈活運(yùn)用,綜合運(yùn)用上面提到的幾種猜測技巧,排除生詞的障礙,順利理解文章的思想內(nèi)容,提高閱讀速度。
在大學(xué)英語四六及考試中,我們不可避免的會遇到一些生詞。因為每個詞與它前后的詞語或句子甚至段落有著互相制約的關(guān)系,所以我們可以利用語境(各種已知信息)推測、判斷某些生詞的詞義。猜測詞義時,可利用以下線索: 一、 針對性解釋 針對性解釋是作者為了更好的表達(dá)思想,在文章中對一些重要的概念、難懂的術(shù)語或詞匯等所作的解釋。這些解釋提供的信息具有明確的針對性,利用它們猜詞義比較容易。 1. 根據(jù)生詞的定義猜測詞義。如果生詞是句子或段落所解釋的定義,理解句子或段落本身就是推斷詞義。例如:Anthropology is the scientific study of man. 由定義可知,anthropology就是研究人類的科學(xué)。In slang the term jam constitutes a state of being in which a person finds himself or herself in a difficult situation. 同樣,從上下文的定義可知jam一詞在俚語中的意思是困境。定義句的謂語動詞多為:be, mean, deal with, be considered, to be, refer to, be called, be known as, define, represent, signify, constitute等。 2. 根據(jù)復(fù)述猜測詞義。雖然復(fù)述不如定義那樣嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)、詳細(xì),但是提供的信息足以使閱讀者猜出生詞詞義。 復(fù)述部分可以是適當(dāng)?shù)脑~匯、短語或是從句。同位語Semantics, the study of the meaning of words, is necessary if you are to speak and read intelligently.此例逗號中短語意為對詞意義進(jìn)行研究的學(xué)科。該短語與前面生詞semantics是同位語關(guān)系,因此我們不難猜出semantics指語義學(xué)。在復(fù)述中構(gòu)成同位關(guān)系的兩部分之間多用逗號連接,有時也使用破折號,冒號,分 號,引號,和括號等。Capacitance, or the ability to store electric charge, is one of the most common characteristics of electronic circuits.由同位語我們很快猜出生詞capacitance詞義---電容量。需要注意的是:同位語前還常有or, similarly, that is to say, in other words, namely, or other, say,i.e. 等副詞或短語出現(xiàn)。定語從句Krabacber suffers from SAD, which is short for seasonal affective disorder, a syndrome characterized by severe seasonal mood swings.根據(jù)生詞SAD后面定語從句which is short for seasonal affective disorder和同位語a syndrome characterized by severe seasonal mood swings, 我們可以推斷出SAD含義,即季節(jié)性情緒紊亂癥。根據(jù)舉例猜測詞義恰當(dāng)?shù)呐e例能夠提供猜測生詞的重要線索,例如:The consequences of epochal events such as wars and great scientific discoveries are not confined to a small geographical area as they were in the past.句中戰(zhàn)爭和重大科學(xué)發(fā)現(xiàn)是生詞的實例,通過它們我們可以猜出epochal的 大致詞義重要的,這與其確切含義劃時代的十分接近。 二 內(nèi)在邏輯關(guān)系。根據(jù)內(nèi)在邏輯關(guān)系推測詞義是指運(yùn)用語言知識分析和判斷相關(guān)信息之間存在的邏輯關(guān)系,然后根據(jù)邏輯關(guān)系推斷生詞詞義或大致義域。 1.根據(jù)對比關(guān)系猜測詞義。在一個句子或段落中,有對兩個事物或現(xiàn)象進(jìn)行對比性的描述,我們可以根據(jù)生詞或難詞的反義詞猜測其詞義。例如:Andrew is one of the most supercilious men I know. His brother, in contrast, is quite humble and modest.該例中supercilious對許多人來說可能是個生詞,但是句中短語in contrast,(相對照的,相對比的)可以提示我們supercilious和后面詞組humble and modest(謙卑又謙虛)是對比關(guān)系。分析出這種關(guān)系后,我們便能猜出supercilious意為目空一切的,傲慢的。表示對比關(guān)系的詞匯和短語主要是unlike,not,but,however,despite,in spite of,in contrast 和while 引導(dǎo)的并列句等。A good supervisor can recognize instantly the adept workers from the unskilled ones.該句中并未出現(xiàn)上面提到的表示對比關(guān)系的詞或短語,但是通過上下文可以判斷出句子前后是對比關(guān)系,即把熟練工人與非熟練工人區(qū)分開。這時我們也能夠推斷出生詞adept的詞義,熟練的。 2.根據(jù)比較關(guān)系猜測詞義。同對比關(guān)系相反,比較關(guān)系表示意義上的相似關(guān)系,例如:Green loves to talk,and his brothers are similarly loquacious.該句中副詞similarly表明短語loves to talk與生詞loquacious之間的比較關(guān)系。以此可以推斷出loquacious詞義為健談的。表示比較關(guān)系的詞和短語主要是similarly,like,just as,also等。 3.根據(jù)因果關(guān)系猜測詞義。在句子或段落種,若兩個事物、現(xiàn)象之間構(gòu)成因果關(guān)系,我們可以根據(jù)這種邏輯關(guān)系推知生詞詞義。例如:Tom is considered an autocratic administrator because he makes decisions without seeking the opinions of others.根據(jù)原因狀語從句的內(nèi)容,我們可以推斷出生詞autocratic指獨(dú)斷專行的。There were so many demonstrators in the Red Square that he had to elbow his way through the crowd.此句為結(jié)果狀語從句,根據(jù)從句的描書許多示威者,我們便可推知elbow的詞意擠,擠過。 4.根據(jù)同義詞的替代關(guān)系猜測詞義.在句子或段落種,我們可以利用熟悉的詞語,根據(jù)語言環(huán)境推斷生詞詞義。例如:Although he often had the opportunity, Mr. Tritt was never able to steal money from a customer. This would have endangered his position at the bank, and he did not want to jeopardize his future.作者為避免重復(fù)使用endanger一詞,用其同義詞jeopardize來替代它,由此推知其詞義為使. . . 陷入危險,危及、危害。Doctors believe that smoking cigarettes is detrimental to your health. They also regard drinking as harmful.句中detrimental是個生詞,但判斷出harmful替代detrimental后,不難推斷出其詞義為不利的,有害的。 三 外部相關(guān)因素。外部相關(guān)因素是指篇章以外的其他知識。有時僅靠分析篇章內(nèi)在邏輯關(guān)系無法猜出詞義。這時,就需要運(yùn)用生活經(jīng)驗和普通常識確定詞義。例如:Husband:Its really cold out tonight. Wife: Sure it is. My hands are practically numb. How about lighting the furnace? 根據(jù)生活經(jīng)驗,天氣寒冷時,手肯定是凍僵的,凍得麻木的。The snake slithered through the grass.根據(jù)有關(guān)蛇的生活習(xí)性的知識,我們可以推斷出slither詞義為爬行。在猜測詞義過程中,除了使用上面提到的一些技巧,我們還可以依靠構(gòu)詞方面的知識,從生詞本身猜測詞義。 1.根據(jù)前綴猜測詞義。例如:He fell into a ditch and lay there, semiconscious, for a few minutes.根據(jù)詞根conscious(清醒的,有意識的),結(jié)合前綴semi(半,部分的,不完全的), 我們便可猜出semiconscious詞義半清醒的,半昏迷的。Im illiterate about such things.詞根literate意為有文化修養(yǎng)的,通曉的,前綴il表示否定,因此illiterate指一竅不通,不知道的。 2.根據(jù)后綴猜測詞義 例如:Insecticide is applied where it is needed.后綴cide表示殺者,殺滅劑,結(jié)合大家熟悉的詞根insect(昆蟲),不難猜出insecticide意為殺蟲劑。Then the vapor may change into droplets.后綴let表示小的,詞根drop指滴,滴狀物。將兩個意思結(jié)合起來,便可推斷出droplet詞義小滴,微滴。 3.根據(jù)復(fù)合詞的各部分猜測詞義例如:Growing economic problems were highlighted by a slowdown in oil output. Hightlight或許是一個生詞,但是分析該詞結(jié)構(gòu)后,就能推測出其含義。它是由high(高的,強(qiáng)的)和light(光線)兩部分組成,合在一起便是以強(qiáng)光照射,使突出的意思。Bullfight is very popular in Spain. Bull(公牛)和fight(打,搏斗)結(jié)合在一起,指一種在西班牙頗為流行的體育運(yùn)動---斗牛。 綜上所述,利用各種已知信息推測、判斷詞義是一項重要的閱讀技巧。在實踐中,我 們可以靈活運(yùn)用,綜合運(yùn)用上面提到的幾種猜測技巧,排除生詞的障礙,順利理解文章的思想內(nèi)容,提高閱讀速度。