2024屆高考英語(yǔ)二輪復(fù)習(xí)課件 第18講:長(zhǎng)難句理解(湖南專用)人教新課標(biāo)版
【基礎(chǔ)練習(xí)】 2. (2024·湖南卷B篇)Arriving in 1805, he wrote a letter complaining that it was a place of “mess and drunkenness”. 結(jié)構(gòu): 主句為he_wrote_a_letter,_complaining that…為非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式作伴隨狀語(yǔ);引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句,Arriving in 1805作狀語(yǔ)。 【基礎(chǔ)練習(xí)】 譯文:他1805年到達(dá),寫了一封投訴信,抱怨說,這是一個(gè)醉醺醺的一團(tuán)糟的地方。 【基礎(chǔ)練習(xí)】 3. (2024·湖南卷B篇)It is also said that on occasion Byron swam naked by moonlight in the lake, which is now known as Byron's Pool. 結(jié)構(gòu):主句為It_is_also_said,that引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句,naked_by_moonlight是形容詞短語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ),which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句修飾先行詞lake。 【基礎(chǔ)練習(xí)】 譯文:人們說,拜倫偶爾會(huì)在河里借著月光裸泳。這條河也就是現(xiàn)在聞名的“拜倫池”。 【基礎(chǔ)練習(xí)】 4. (2024·湖南卷C篇)The material, made from shrimp (蝦) shells and proteins produced from silk, is called “shrilk”. 結(jié)構(gòu):主句為The_material_is_called_“shrilk”. made from…是過去分詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)修飾The_material,produced from silk同樣是過去分詞短語(yǔ)修飾proteins。 【基礎(chǔ)練習(xí)】 譯文:這種名為“蝦客”的物質(zhì),是由蝦殼和絲綢構(gòu)建的蛋白所組成的。 【基礎(chǔ)練習(xí)】 5. (2024·湖南卷C篇)Decades later, however, plastic's very durability (耐用性) is raising questions about how appropriate it is for one-time products such as plastic bags, or short-lived consumer goods, used in the home for a few years and then cast into a landfill where they will degrade for centuries. 結(jié)構(gòu):主句為plastic's_very_durability_(耐用性)_is_raising_questions,how引導(dǎo)介詞后的賓語(yǔ)從句,used…and then cast…為過去分詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)修飾前面的名詞,where引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句修飾名詞landfill。 【基礎(chǔ)練習(xí)】 譯文:然而幾十年后,塑料的耐用性受到了質(zhì)疑,那就是使用一次性的產(chǎn)品比如塑料袋或者一次性的消費(fèi)品,在家里使用幾年之后扔到垃圾堆里好幾個(gè)世紀(jì)才能降解合理嗎? 第18講
長(zhǎng)難句理解
*
(2024·湖南卷A篇)
…
I pulled out my phone to read a text message from my mom saying that we were leaving for Christmas shopping for him when I came across a message on my phone that I had locked.
… *
56. The idea for a special gift began to form when the author was ______.
A. doing shopping
B. having a debate
C. reading a message
D. leaving for Wyoming
C 該題正確答案就是根據(jù)這一長(zhǎng)句推斷的。該句的主干是I pulled out my phone to read a text message from my mom,而saying that we were leaving for Christmas shopping for him是Verb-ing短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)修飾主干中的名詞a text message;when I came across a message on my phone是時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句,that I had locked是定語(yǔ)從句修飾先行詞a message。由此可知答案為C。 思路點(diǎn)撥
在閱讀理解中,考生會(huì)經(jīng)常碰到許多結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜的句子,也就是所謂的長(zhǎng)難句。命題者在句子理解難度上大做文章,無(wú)非是想通過增加句子長(zhǎng)度和使用復(fù)雜結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)干擾考生正常的閱讀習(xí)慣和思維方式,從而達(dá)到考查考生綜合閱讀能力的目的。長(zhǎng)難句在閱讀理解中容易給考生造成閱讀障礙,形成一種心理壓力,使考生失分。
一、長(zhǎng)難句的基本特征
(一) 含多重從句和修飾語(yǔ)的復(fù)合句。
這些句子往往較長(zhǎng),一個(gè)從句套著另一個(gè)從句,環(huán)環(huán)相扣,使得考生不明白整個(gè)句子結(jié)構(gòu)。考生應(yīng)通過仔細(xì)分析找出主干和修飾成分,這樣整個(gè)句子結(jié)構(gòu)就清晰了。
(二) 分隔結(jié)構(gòu)和成分省略的干擾。
為了調(diào)整語(yǔ)氣和增加補(bǔ)充信息,更主要的是為了平衡句子結(jié)構(gòu),避免頭重腳輕,使語(yǔ)義嚴(yán)密,結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊,英語(yǔ)中將語(yǔ)法關(guān)系密切的兩個(gè)句子成分用其他語(yǔ)法成分分隔開來(lái),這就是所謂的分隔結(jié)構(gòu)。考試中出現(xiàn)較多的是插入語(yǔ)、用破折號(hào)插入的新話題或補(bǔ)充信息。此外,還有一些句子成分(一般是定語(yǔ))過長(zhǎng)而出現(xiàn)后置,只不過它只是句子原有成分位置的調(diào)整,沒有新增信息。
省略主要是為了避免重復(fù),突出關(guān)鍵詞并使上下文緊密連接。成分省略一般和從句相結(jié)合,一正一反,使句子富于變化,增強(qiáng)表現(xiàn)力。
(三)正常語(yǔ)序的改變。
改變語(yǔ)序主要指倒裝句式。這些句子往往和一些副詞、連詞相關(guān),有明顯的標(biāo)志。
當(dāng)然,被動(dòng)句、雙重否定句等句式在閱讀考試中也屢屢出現(xiàn)。希望考生能結(jié)合閱讀實(shí)踐來(lái)體會(huì)上述句法特征。
二、長(zhǎng)難句的理解技巧
一般說來(lái),長(zhǎng)難句理解主要采用“主干成分分析法”,按“先干后枝”的原則處理,即按“主句→從句→修飾語(yǔ)”的順序進(jìn)行。具體步驟如下:
第一步:整句結(jié)構(gòu)分析。
通過語(yǔ)法分析,迅速弄清整個(gè)句子的結(jié)構(gòu),把握住句子的基本框架,確定整個(gè)句子是簡(jiǎn)單句、并列句還是復(fù)合句。 例句:“I felt there was a need for a book like this.” she says. “I didn't want to lecture, but I wanted other diabetics to know that things get better when we're self-controlled and do our part in managing the disease.”
分析:整個(gè)句子是個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句,即:she says “…”。只不過,前后兩個(gè)引號(hào)為兩個(gè)并列的賓語(yǔ)從句。第一處引號(hào)“I felt there was a need for a book like this.”的主語(yǔ)為I,felt后跟了一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)從句“there was a need for a book like this”。第二處引號(hào)“I didn't want to lecture, but…managing the disease.”由but連接兩個(gè)分句,第二個(gè)分句有主句I wanted other diabetics to know…, 賓語(yǔ)從句that things get better 及時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句when we're self-controlled and do our part in managing the disease。
第二步:主干成分確定。
找出句子的核心成分,確定主句的主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)。
例句:Miss Germaine's mother looked anxious through the wedding and Mr. Cordell's parents are reported to be less than delighted.
分析:本句由兩個(gè)分句組成,and連接兩個(gè)并列單句。句意: Germaine小姐的母親在整個(gè)婚禮過程中看上去很焦慮,Cordell先生的父母親據(jù)報(bào)道也不開心。
第三步:從句功能分析。
找出句中從句的引導(dǎo)詞,分析從句類型(是否為定語(yǔ)從句、名詞性從句或狀語(yǔ)從句等)和從句之間及從句和主句之間的關(guān)系。
例句:Whereas a woman's closest female friend might be the first to tell her to leave a failing marriage,it wasn't unusual to hear a man say he didn't know his friend's marriage was in serious trouble until he appeared one night asking if he could sleep on the sofa. 分析:whereas引導(dǎo)了一個(gè)從句,即 a woman's closest female friend might be the first to tell her to leave a failing marriage, 而it wasn't unusual to hear a…if he could sleep on the sofa.為主句,其中it為形式主語(yǔ),真正的主語(yǔ)為不定式 to hear a man…。省略to的不定式say作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ),say后面接了一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)從句he didn't know,know后面又接了一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)從句his friend's marriage was in serious trouble和時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句until he appeared one night,現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)asking 作伴隨狀語(yǔ),asking 后面又接了一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)從句if he could sleep on the sofa。 句意:一個(gè)女人最親密的女友,很可能第一個(gè)奉勸她結(jié)束不幸的婚姻。然而,我們常聽到男人說,他是在朋友突然來(lái)到自己家里并要求睡在沙發(fā)上時(shí),才明白朋友的婚姻有了麻煩。
第四步:短語(yǔ)功能分析。
找出非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)、介詞短語(yǔ)、形容詞短語(yǔ)、名詞短語(yǔ)等短語(yǔ),分析其功能以及它們與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞/非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞/從句/主句之間的關(guān)系等。
例句:If you ask people to name one person who had the greatest effect on the English language, you will get answers like “Shakespeare”, “Samuel Johnson”, and “Webster”, but none of these men had any effect at all compared to a man who didn't even speak English — William the Conqueror.
分析:首先找出并列復(fù)合句,即but連接的兩個(gè)句子,再看but前的并列句中有一個(gè)if引導(dǎo)的條件狀語(yǔ)從句,but后的并列句中有一個(gè)who引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句,修飾a man。句意:如果你要求別人說出對(duì)英語(yǔ)的影響最大的人,你可能會(huì)得到像“Shakespeare”, “Samuel Johnson”和 “Webster”之類的答案。但是與一個(gè)甚至不會(huì)說英語(yǔ)的人——“征服者”William相比,這些人就毫無(wú)影響力了。 【基礎(chǔ)練習(xí)】 【基礎(chǔ)練習(xí)】 譯文: 在看到父親打開仔細(xì)鑲嵌于一個(gè)廉價(jià)框架,并看到那些龍飛鳳舞的黑色文字時(shí)的表情的那一刻,我就知道我送的禮物非常完美了。 翻譯并分析下列句子的結(jié)構(gòu):
1. (2024·湖南卷A篇)The minute I saw the look on my dad's face as he unwrapped those swirling black letters carefully placed in a cheap frame, I knew I had given the perfect gift.
結(jié)構(gòu): 主句為I_knew_I_had_given_the_perfect_gift,The_minute引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句,as引導(dǎo)方式狀語(yǔ)從句,carefully placed in a cheap frame為過去分詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)修飾名詞letters。
【基礎(chǔ)練習(xí)】 2. (2024·湖南卷B篇)Arriving in 1805, he wrote a letter complaining that it was a place of “mess and drunkenness”. 結(jié)構(gòu): 主句為he_wrote_a_letter,_complaining that…為非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式作伴隨狀語(yǔ);引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句,Arriving in 1805作狀語(yǔ)。 【基礎(chǔ)練習(xí)】 譯文:他1805年到達(dá),寫了一封投訴信,抱怨說,這是一個(gè)醉醺醺的一團(tuán)糟的地方。 【基礎(chǔ)練習(xí)】 3. (2024·湖南卷B篇)It is also said that on occasion Byron swam naked by moonlight in the lake, which is now known as Byron's Pool. 結(jié)構(gòu):主句為It_is_also_said,that引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句,naked_by_moonlight是形容詞短語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ),which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句修飾先行詞lake。 【基礎(chǔ)練習(xí)】 譯文:人們說,拜倫偶爾會(huì)在河里借著月光裸泳。這條河也就是現(xiàn)在聞名的“拜倫池”。 【基礎(chǔ)練習(xí)】 4. (2024·湖南卷C篇)The material, made from shrimp (蝦) shells and proteins produced from silk, is called “shrilk”. 結(jié)構(gòu):主句為The_material_is_called_“shrilk”. made from…是過去分詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)修飾The_material,produced from silk同樣是過去分詞短語(yǔ)修飾proteins。 【基礎(chǔ)練習(xí)】 譯文:這種名為“蝦客”的物質(zhì),是由蝦殼和絲綢構(gòu)建的蛋白所組成的。 【基礎(chǔ)練習(xí)】 5. (2024·湖南卷C篇)Decades later, however, plastic's very durability (耐用性) is raising questions about how appropriate it is for one-time products such as plastic bags, or short-lived consumer goods, used in the home for a few years and then cast into a landfill where they will degrade for centuries. 結(jié)構(gòu):主句為plastic's_very_durability_(耐用性)_is_raising_questions,how引導(dǎo)介詞后的賓語(yǔ)從句,used…and then cast…為過去分詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)修飾前面的名詞,where引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句修飾名詞landfill。 【基礎(chǔ)練習(xí)】 譯文:然而幾十年后,塑料的耐用性受到了質(zhì)疑,那就是使用一次性的產(chǎn)品比如塑料袋或者一次性的消費(fèi)品,在家里使用幾年之后扔到垃圾堆里好幾個(gè)世紀(jì)才能降解合理嗎? 第18講
長(zhǎng)難句理解
*
(2024·湖南卷A篇)
…
I pulled out my phone to read a text message from my mom saying that we were leaving for Christmas shopping for him when I came across a message on my phone that I had locked.
… *
56. The idea for a special gift began to form when the author was ______.
A. doing shopping
B. having a debate
C. reading a message
D. leaving for Wyoming
C 該題正確答案就是根據(jù)這一長(zhǎng)句推斷的。該句的主干是I pulled out my phone to read a text message from my mom,而saying that we were leaving for Christmas shopping for him是Verb-ing短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)修飾主干中的名詞a text message;when I came across a message on my phone是時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句,that I had locked是定語(yǔ)從句修飾先行詞a message。由此可知答案為C。 思路點(diǎn)撥
在閱讀理解中,考生會(huì)經(jīng)常碰到許多結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜的句子,也就是所謂的長(zhǎng)難句。命題者在句子理解難度上大做文章,無(wú)非是想通過增加句子長(zhǎng)度和使用復(fù)雜結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)干擾考生正常的閱讀習(xí)慣和思維方式,從而達(dá)到考查考生綜合閱讀能力的目的。長(zhǎng)難句在閱讀理解中容易給考生造成閱讀障礙,形成一種心理壓力,使考生失分。
一、長(zhǎng)難句的基本特征
(一) 含多重從句和修飾語(yǔ)的復(fù)合句。
這些句子往往較長(zhǎng),一個(gè)從句套著另一個(gè)從句,環(huán)環(huán)相扣,使得考生不明白整個(gè)句子結(jié)構(gòu)。考生應(yīng)通過仔細(xì)分析找出主干和修飾成分,這樣整個(gè)句子結(jié)構(gòu)就清晰了。
(二) 分隔結(jié)構(gòu)和成分省略的干擾。
為了調(diào)整語(yǔ)氣和增加補(bǔ)充信息,更主要的是為了平衡句子結(jié)構(gòu),避免頭重腳輕,使語(yǔ)義嚴(yán)密,結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊,英語(yǔ)中將語(yǔ)法關(guān)系密切的兩個(gè)句子成分用其他語(yǔ)法成分分隔開來(lái),這就是所謂的分隔結(jié)構(gòu)。考試中出現(xiàn)較多的是插入語(yǔ)、用破折號(hào)插入的新話題或補(bǔ)充信息。此外,還有一些句子成分(一般是定語(yǔ))過長(zhǎng)而出現(xiàn)后置,只不過它只是句子原有成分位置的調(diào)整,沒有新增信息。
省略主要是為了避免重復(fù),突出關(guān)鍵詞并使上下文緊密連接。成分省略一般和從句相結(jié)合,一正一反,使句子富于變化,增強(qiáng)表現(xiàn)力。
(三)正常語(yǔ)序的改變。
改變語(yǔ)序主要指倒裝句式。這些句子往往和一些副詞、連詞相關(guān),有明顯的標(biāo)志。
當(dāng)然,被動(dòng)句、雙重否定句等句式在閱讀考試中也屢屢出現(xiàn)。希望考生能結(jié)合閱讀實(shí)踐來(lái)體會(huì)上述句法特征。
二、長(zhǎng)難句的理解技巧
一般說來(lái),長(zhǎng)難句理解主要采用“主干成分分析法”,按“先干后枝”的原則處理,即按“主句→從句→修飾語(yǔ)”的順序進(jìn)行。具體步驟如下:
第一步:整句結(jié)構(gòu)分析。
通過語(yǔ)法分析,迅速弄清整個(gè)句子的結(jié)構(gòu),把握住句子的基本框架,確定整個(gè)句子是簡(jiǎn)單句、并列句還是復(fù)合句。 例句:“I felt there was a need for a book like this.” she says. “I didn't want to lecture, but I wanted other diabetics to know that things get better when we're self-controlled and do our part in managing the disease.”
分析:整個(gè)句子是個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句,即:she says “…”。只不過,前后兩個(gè)引號(hào)為兩個(gè)并列的賓語(yǔ)從句。第一處引號(hào)“I felt there was a need for a book like this.”的主語(yǔ)為I,felt后跟了一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)從句“there was a need for a book like this”。第二處引號(hào)“I didn't want to lecture, but…managing the disease.”由but連接兩個(gè)分句,第二個(gè)分句有主句I wanted other diabetics to know…, 賓語(yǔ)從句that things get better 及時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句when we're self-controlled and do our part in managing the disease。
第二步:主干成分確定。
找出句子的核心成分,確定主句的主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)。
例句:Miss Germaine's mother looked anxious through the wedding and Mr. Cordell's parents are reported to be less than delighted.
分析:本句由兩個(gè)分句組成,and連接兩個(gè)并列單句。句意: Germaine小姐的母親在整個(gè)婚禮過程中看上去很焦慮,Cordell先生的父母親據(jù)報(bào)道也不開心。
第三步:從句功能分析。
找出句中從句的引導(dǎo)詞,分析從句類型(是否為定語(yǔ)從句、名詞性從句或狀語(yǔ)從句等)和從句之間及從句和主句之間的關(guān)系。
例句:Whereas a woman's closest female friend might be the first to tell her to leave a failing marriage,it wasn't unusual to hear a man say he didn't know his friend's marriage was in serious trouble until he appeared one night asking if he could sleep on the sofa. 分析:whereas引導(dǎo)了一個(gè)從句,即 a woman's closest female friend might be the first to tell her to leave a failing marriage, 而it wasn't unusual to hear a…if he could sleep on the sofa.為主句,其中it為形式主語(yǔ),真正的主語(yǔ)為不定式 to hear a man…。省略to的不定式say作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ),say后面接了一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)從句he didn't know,know后面又接了一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)從句his friend's marriage was in serious trouble和時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句until he appeared one night,現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)asking 作伴隨狀語(yǔ),asking 后面又接了一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)從句if he could sleep on the sofa。 句意:一個(gè)女人最親密的女友,很可能第一個(gè)奉勸她結(jié)束不幸的婚姻。然而,我們常聽到男人說,他是在朋友突然來(lái)到自己家里并要求睡在沙發(fā)上時(shí),才明白朋友的婚姻有了麻煩。
第四步:短語(yǔ)功能分析。
找出非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)、介詞短語(yǔ)、形容詞短語(yǔ)、名詞短語(yǔ)等短語(yǔ),分析其功能以及它們與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞/非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞/從句/主句之間的關(guān)系等。
例句:If you ask people to name one person who had the greatest effect on the English language, you will get answers like “Shakespeare”, “Samuel Johnson”, and “Webster”, but none of these men had any effect at all compared to a man who didn't even speak English — William the Conqueror.
分析:首先找出并列復(fù)合句,即but連接的兩個(gè)句子,再看but前的并列句中有一個(gè)if引導(dǎo)的條件狀語(yǔ)從句,but后的并列句中有一個(gè)who引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句,修飾a man。句意:如果你要求別人說出對(duì)英語(yǔ)的影響最大的人,你可能會(huì)得到像“Shakespeare”, “Samuel Johnson”和 “Webster”之類的答案。但是與一個(gè)甚至不會(huì)說英語(yǔ)的人——“征服者”William相比,這些人就毫無(wú)影響力了。 【基礎(chǔ)練習(xí)】 【基礎(chǔ)練習(xí)】 譯文: 在看到父親打開仔細(xì)鑲嵌于一個(gè)廉價(jià)框架,并看到那些龍飛鳳舞的黑色文字時(shí)的表情的那一刻,我就知道我送的禮物非常完美了。 翻譯并分析下列句子的結(jié)構(gòu):
1. (2024·湖南卷A篇)The minute I saw the look on my dad's face as he unwrapped those swirling black letters carefully placed in a cheap frame, I knew I had given the perfect gift.
結(jié)構(gòu): 主句為I_knew_I_had_given_the_perfect_gift,The_minute引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句,as引導(dǎo)方式狀語(yǔ)從句,carefully placed in a cheap frame為過去分詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)修飾名詞letters。